National Student Speech Language Hearing Association :: Personal Narrative Writing

National Student Speech address Hearing AssociationEven though I deliver wholly been in college for one semester I feel like I have done something very significant. I have met a person with a disorder, but they are unaware that they have this disorder. This person is a child and he can not speak. I have besides experienced a feeling I have never had before. As a speech pathology major, I decided to join a club pitch towards speech production and I knew I wanted to work with children.As I was climbing the stairs to my phonetics class, I saw a broadsheet for N.S.S.L.H.A. (National Student Speech Language Hearing Association). The flyer stated that the shaping was only for people who were majoring in Communication and Science Disorders. But it verbalize nothing about what the club did. Out of curiosity, I went to the initial brush on September 18th. I found out that the people in the organization help children and sometimes elderly people with speech problems. The fi rst activity I did with N.S.S.L.H.A. was attending a book reading at Barnes and Noble. I was the first reader of the year and I was so emotional because I love to do activities with children. I read If You Give a Mouse a Cookie to 15 children and their parents. I was actually also neuronal because I wanted to do a good job. When I saw the kids that had come to hear me read I became so nervous that I made mistakes reading a childrens book. Even though this was a big deal to me, I had no idea of what was to come. I found out that the following weekend was a Flagstaff Family Day. This daytime was dedicated towards early intervention awareness. So when I arrived there I saw that most of the children were impaired somehow. Some of the children couldnt pronounce received letters, but there was one little boy named Jason who couldnt spill at all. I decided to spend time with him because I had never spent time with a child like him before. Jason is about third years old and I was amazed by him. Since he is so young he doesnt quite know that he has a speech disorder. I was making crafts with him stuff like paper tambourines and masks.

Protein Article Research

Protein obligate Research Sara Langrell December 15, 2011 Nutrition SCI/241 Dr. Venessa leeward Abstract Athletes have been searching for years for a way to subvert the amount of recovery time awaitween give out places. Based on this issue there has been quite a lot of research conducted to arrest out what depose be d star, if anything, to either reduce or happen recovery time. One of the theories is to affix protein ambition above the daily recommended amount, thereby providing the dust with additional aminic acids that promote recovery. Although this have the appearance _or_ semblances like the perfect solution, there atomic number 18 some flaws.It would appear that not only do you command additional proteins but an additional source of fuel to allow the proteins to do their job, therefore all in all a balance must(prenominal) be struck. The recovery time posited from an intense work out is a direct result of the lengthening, or raze sometimes, tear of muscles. If the work out is too intense muscles can actually be handicapd. The damage can be class into three different categories fiber I, Type II and Type III. Type I muscle damage is sort out as the soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise. Type II is classified as an acute disabling pain either from the complete tearing of the muscle and facia or the disruption of a some fibres with the facia remaining intact. 1 Type III is classified as a cramp or soreness that occurs either during or directly by-line a workout. 1 Be drive of these issues, many hours of research have been conducted to try to put if there is anything that can be done to slow or even eliminate the damage done to the muscle during exercise. When muscles are stretched or damaged proteins are both broken down and synthesized all at the resembling time. The breakdown is not all bad for the consistence, as it regulates potentially prejudicious and dysfunctional proteins. 2 In direct response to the breakdown, the synthesis that occurs would seem to be good for the body however it can cause an unbalance in muscle proteins. 1 Based on research it has been impelled that replacing amino group acids during and after exercise helps to balance the protein deficiency and wait on in the repair process. Many of the recommended ways to do this is to increase protein intake or possibly opt for an amino acid replacement supplement. symbiotic upon the fictitious character of exercise you are prone to will determine the type of supplement that would be recommended. Checking with a physician would be the best bet before beginning any type of therapy. Bibliography 1. ) Nosaka, Kazunori PhD, Muscle damage and amino acid supplementation Does it aid recovery from muscle damage? outside(a) SportMed Journal, Vo. 8 No. 2, 2007, pp. 54-67 2. ) Phillips SM, Protein requirement and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 689-695.Protein Article ResearchAnonymous Dr. L ouis Cohen SCI/241 Protein Article Research January 3, 2012 According to Centers for Disease get a line and Prevention, protein is found in every cell in the body. Protein provides our bodies with energy that is groom to be used. After it is digested, it becomes amino acids. There are 23 amino acids which are very crucial to the body and are needed for the body to function properly. Amino acids are needed in order to mannikin muscle strength. Protein can be found in animal foods, and it can also be found in plant foods.Animal foods such as m beats, cheeses, and dairy products are complete sources of protein, while plant sources are an neither protein source because they are low in at least one of the essential amino acids. Plant sources need to be consumed with a completing protein source in order to be certain that protein needs are being met. For example, if you eat chicken, that would be a complete source of protein, whereas if you eat rice for a meal, you should add beans to make the protein consumption complete. A few examples of plant sources or an incomplete protein source is as follows corn, tofu, grains, some vegetables and fruits.Because I am a 19 year old woman, I need 46 grams of protein a day. I can easily meet and legislate the amount that is necessary by eating all of my meals in a day and by consuming all other essential intellectual nourishments. Although acquire just the right amount of protein is healthy for the body, getting too frequently can be harmful. When people consume too much protein, they increase their risk of weight gain. Also, high protein diets can put a chance variable on the kidneys because they rid the protein from the crinkle, may contribute to cancer because it increase blood levels of IGF-1, and may cause nutritional deficiencies.Just as high protein diets can cause medical illnesses, low protein diets can do the same. A diet with a lack of protein can cause skin pigmentation, diarrhea, swollen bellies, rashes , and change in texture or color of the hair. Protein is on the bodys essential needs, however, too much or too little of any nutrient that is essential can harm the body. It is vital that people learn the amounts of nutrients their body requires in order to become or remain healthy.

Pharmacy Tech Handout #1

Pharmacy Technician Certification Board, exam scoring requirements per www. ptcb. org The pharmacy technician performs activities related to ternary broad function argonas. The specialized responsibilities and activities that pharmacy technicians may perform at bottom each function area are I. Assisting the Pharmacist in avail Patients (66% of exam) A. Receive prescription/ medicine tell apart(s) from forbearing/patients deterrent example, prescriber, or opposite healthcare schoolmaster 1.Accept new prescription/medicament launch from patient/patients representative, prescriber, or another(prenominal) healthcare professional 2. Accept new prescription/ music order electronically (for example, by telephone, fax, or electronic transmission) 3. Accept re engorge request from patient/patients representative 4. Accept refill authorization from prescriber or other healthcare professional electronically (for example, by telephone, fax, or electronic transmission) 5. stir pre scriber/originator for clarification of prescription/ medication order refill 6. practise/ gestate transfer of prescription/medication order(s) B. Assist the pharmacist in accord with federal rules and regulations in obtaining from the patient/patients representative such(prenominal) education as diagnosis or desired therapeutic outcome, unsoundness state, medication chronicle (including over-the-counter OTC medications and dietary supplements), allergies, adverse reactions, aesculapian examination history and other germane(predicate) patient instruction, physical disability, and payor knowledge (including both self-pay and trio party reimbursement) C. Assist the pharmacist in accordance with federal rules and regulations in obtaining from prescriber, other healthcare professionals, and/or the medical record such information as diagnosis or desired therapeutic outcome, disease state, medication history (including OTC medications and dietary supplements), allergies, advers e reactions, medical history and other relevant patient information, physical disability, and payor information (including both self-pay and third party reimbursement) D. get a line and communicate patient- particularized selective information (for example, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol levels, therapeutic medicine levels, immunizations) to attend the pharmacist in monitoring patient outcomes E. Collect and communicate data related to restricted drug statistical dispersion programs (for example, thalidomide, isotretinoin, and clozapine) F. Collect and communicate data related to investigational drugs G. Assess prescription or medication order for completeness (for example, patients key out and address), verity, authenticity, legality, and reimbursement eligibility H. Update the medical record/patient indite with such information as medication history (including OTC medications and dietary supplements), disease states, ossification/ love patterns, allergies, medica tion duplication, and/or drug-disease, drug-drug, drug-laboratory, drug-dietary supplement and/or OTC, and drug-food interactions I. Assist the patient/patients representative in choosing the best payment assistance plan if multiple plans are available to patient J. Process a prescription/medication order 1. Enter prescription/medication order information onto patient profile 2.Select the appropriate production(s) for dispensing (for example, brand names, generic substitutes, therapeutic substitutes, formulary restrictions) 3. Obtain pharmaceuticals, changeless and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including dangerous substances, controlled substances, and investigational products) from inventory 4. Calculate quantity and days bring home the bacon of sunk loony toons forms for dispensing 5. Measure or count quantity of finished dosage forms for dispensing 6. Process and handle radiopharmaceuticals 7. Perform calculations for radiopharmaceuticals 8.Process and handle chemotherapeutic medications commercially available in finished dosage forms (for example, Efudex, mercaptopurine) 9. Perform calculations for oral chemotherapeutic medications 10. Process and handle investigational products 11. Package finished dosage forms (for example, blister pack, robotic/ machine-driven dispensing vial) 12. Affix label(s) and auxiliary label(s) to container(s) 13. Assemble patient information materials (for example, drug information sheets, patient package inserts, Health Information Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA literature) 14.Check for accuracy during processing of the prescription/medication order (for example, National Drug commandment NDA number, bar code, and data entry) 15. Verify the data entry, measurements, preparation, and/or packaging of medications produced by other technicians as allowed by law (for example, tech full point tech) 16. do prescription or medication order for utmost check by pharmacist 17. Prepare prescri ption or medication order for final check by pharmacy technician as allowed by law (for example, tech check tech) 18. Perform Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) required checks for radiopharmaceuticals K. complicated a prescription/medication order 1. Assemble equipment and/or supplies requirement for compounding the prescription/medication order 2. Calibrate equipment (for example, scale or balance, total parenteral nutrition TPN compounder) needed to compound the prescription/medication order 3. Perform calculations required for preparation of compounded IV admixtures 4. Perform calculations for extemporaneous compounds 5. Compound medications (for example, topical preparations, reconstituted antibiotic suspensions) for dispensing according to prescription and/or compounding guidelines 6.Compound medications in anticipation of prescriptions/medication orders (for example, compounding for a specific patient) 7. Prepare sterile products (for example, TPNs, piggybacks, IV solution s, ophthalmic products) 8. Prepare radiopharmaceuticals 9. Prepare chemotherapy 10. saucer preparation and/or ingredients of medications (for example, lot number, control number, expiration date, chemotherapy calculations, type of IV solution) L. Provide prescription/medication to patient/patients representative 1. Store medication prior to distribution 2.Provide medication and adjunct information (for example, package inserts) to patient/patients representative 3. Package and ship pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) to patient/patients representative li>Place medication in dispensing system (for example, unit-dose cart, automated systems) 4. Deliver medication to patient-care unit 5. Record distribution of prescription medication 6. Record distribution of controlled substances 7. Record distribution of investigational drugs 8.Record distribution of restricted drugs (for example, isotretinoin, clozapine, thalidomide) 9. Record distribution of prescription/medication to patients home M. stop charges and obtain reimbursement for products and serve N. Communicate with third-party payers to determine or hold in reportage O. Communicate with third-party payers to obtain prior authorizations P. Communicate with third-party payers and patients/patients representatives to rectify rejected third-party claims Q. rank and resolve problems with rejected claims (for example, incorrect days supply, incorrect ID number) R. Provide supplemental information (for example, disease state information, CDs) as requested/required S. locate patient/patients representative to pharmacist for counseling T. Perform drug judicial system functions under appropriate supervision (for example, perform drug/IV rounds, check pumps, anticipate refill of drugs/IVs) U. Process and dispense enteral products II. verifying Medication and stocktaking Control Systems (22% of exam) A. Identify pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) to be uniform B. Place routine orders for pharmaceuticals, durable and nondurable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in compliance with legal, regulatory, formulary, budgetary, and contractual requirements C. Place emergency orders for pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in compliance with legal, regulatory, formulary, budgetary, and contractual requirements D. Receive pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) and verify against specifications on original purchase orders E. Place pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, device s, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in inventory under proper storage conditions term incorporating phantasm prevention strategies F. Perform nonpatient-specific preparation, distribution, and maintenance of pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) while incorporating error prevention strategies (for example, crash carts, clinic and nursing floor stock, automated dispensing systems) G. take on from inventory expired/discontinued/slow moving/overstocked pharmaceuticals, durable and nondurable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) H. Remove from inventory recalled pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) I. shun of or destroy pharmaceuticals or supplies (for example, haz ardous substances, investigational products, controlled substances, non-dispensable products) J. Communicate changes in product availability (for example, formulary changes, recalls, shortages) to pharmacy staff, patient/patients representative, physicians, and other healthcare professionals K. hold and monitor policies and procedures to deter theft and/or drug diversion L. Maintain a record of controlled substances ordered, received, and removed from inventory M. Maintain a record of investigational products ordered, received, and removed from inventory N. Perform required inventories and obtain associated records O. Maintain record-keeping systems for repackaging, non-patient specific compounding, recalls, and returns of pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) P. Compound non-patient specific medications in anticipation of prescription/medication orders Q. Perform qualit y office tests on compounded medications (for example, end product testing and validation) R. Repackage finished dosage forms for dispensing (for example, unit dose, blister pack, oral syringes) Participate in quality trust programs related to pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) III.Participating in the Administration and oversight of Pharmacy Practice (12% of exam) A. Coordinate written, electronic, and oral communications throughout the formula context of use (for example, route phone calls, faxes, verbal and written refill authorizations spread policy and procedure changes) B. Update and maintain patient information (for example, restitution information, demographics, provider information) in accordance with federal regulations and professional standards (for example, Health policy Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA) C. Collect productivity information (for example, the number of prescriptions filled, fill times, payments collected, rejected claim status) D. Participate in quality agency activities (for example, medication error prevention, customer satisfaction surveys, and internal audits of processes) E. Generate quality assurance reports (for example, compile or summarize data collected for evaluation or action plan development, root cause analysis) F. Implement and monitor the ractice setting for compliance with federal regulations and professional standards (for example, Materials Safety Data Sheet MSDS, occupational Safety Health Administration OSHA, Joint Commission on Accreditation of health care Organizations JCAHO, United States Pharmacopeia USP) G. Implement and monitor policies and procedures for infection control H. Implement and monitor policies and procedures for the handling, disposal, and destruction of pharmaceuticals and supplies (for example, hazardous substances, investigational products, controlled substan ces, non-dispensable products, radiopharmaceuticals) I. Perform and record routine sanitation, maintenance, and standardisation of equipment (for example, automated dispensing equipment, balances, TPN compounders, and refrigerator/freezer temperatures) J. Update, maintain, and use manual or electronic information systems (for example, patient profiles, prescription records, inventory logs, reference materials) in order to perform job related activities K. Use and maintain automated and point-of-care dispensing technology L. Perform billing and accounting functions for products and services (for example, self-pay, third-party adjudication, pharmaceutical give the axe cards, medication reimbursement) M. Communicate with third-party payers to determine or verify coverage for products and services N. Coordinate and/or participate in staff training and keep education O. Perform and/or contribute to employee evaluations and competency assessments P. Participate in the establishme nt, implementation, and monitoring of the practice settings policies and procedures

Baldwin Bicycle Company: Background of the Study

BA-561 MAC Abdulgaffur G. Deki Oscar M. Inocencio Chester V. Lagutin Felomena C. Baal Edsel Cariz J. Tiu 12 October 2012 Baldwin motorcycle Company Background of the Study Baldwin Bicycle Company (BBC) is a full-line bike manufacturing company with 40 years of experience. In 1982, BBC has revenue of oer $10M for 98,791 units produced. BBC joinly distributes through independently-owned retailers, their bicycles are known for their above-average quality. In May 1983, a rapid-growing northwest discount retail chain, Hi-Valu, Suzanne Leister, VP Marketing, proposed a private-label agreement.Under this program, BBC would manufacture the Challenger line of bicycles wholly for Hi-Valu. The Challenger line was to be a low- expensed value bicycle, exchange at retail prices under BBCs normal intersection lines. educational activity of the problem What is the overall impact to the company if BBC go forth accept the suggestion in terms of? a. ) PROFIT b. ) gift ON SALES c. ) RETURN ON ASSETS d. ) RETURN ON EQUITY Objectives 1. To be able to learn and analyze the proposal depending on the result which will be use to serve as a basis for making decisions. 2.To determine the total relevant cost in producing extra orders for Hi-Valu. Areas of consideration 1. BBC gross sales over the next three years would be 100,000 bikes a year if they will forego the Hi-Valu deal. 2. If BBC will accept the offer, 3,000 units will be lost in regular sales volume a year. 3. According to Ms Leister, wickedness President for Marketing, she was acutely aware that the bicycle boom had fattened out, and that ridiculous economy had caused Baldwin sales volume to fall. 4. BBC was currently operating its plant at about 75% of capacity meaning, 75,000 units is currently produced. excess capacity 25,000 units) 5. The cut back between BBC and Hi-Valu is for three years and will be automatically protracted on a year to year basis, unless one party gave mark off that it did not wish to extend the contract. 6. Most of BBC sales were into independently run injects and bicycles shops, BBC had never before distributed to its product to department store. Its BBCs first conviction to deal such client. 7. Hi-Valu wanted to purchase bikes from BBC at lower prices that the sell prices of comparable bikes sold through Baldwin usual channels. 8.If the proposal will lease BBC requirement for purchasing, inventory and production cost will increased. 9. Hi-Valu would hold the units on consignment in its own warehouses and withhold payment until delivery to a specific store. 10. A bicycle would be paid within 30 days once a bicycle was shipped to a specific store or 120 days had elapsed in the regional warehouse. alternative courses of natural process 1. Reject proposal RISKS a. ) BBC whitethorn face continually declining sales due to a poor economy. b. ) BBC will continue to produce at only 75% production capacity. c. Another disadvantage is that the offer price of Hi-Va lu was lower than the regular selling price. d. ) There is an additional cost snarly in producing additional units from Hi-Valu the $5,000 additional cost plus the asset cogitate cost. e. ) The possibility that the current dealers of BBC might drop-out line if they find that BBC is making bikes for Hi-Valu. f. ) The commitment charge will be shouldered by BBC until it reached the destination of Hi-Valu warehouse. g. ) additional from regular sales of 3,000 units from regular costumers. ADVANTAGES a. ) insist loyalty from current distributors . ) Maintain 40-year reputation for above average quality and price. 2. Accept Proposal RISKS a. ) electric current dealers may drop Baldwin line. b. ) Current dealers may request a kindred product c. ) Putting faith in a new product d. ) BBC may find itself with an abundance of Challenger-specific inventory e. ) Extra costs may result in having to use cheaper materials f. ) Loss of street cred ADVANTAGES a. ) great penetration of the m ark through new market segments b. ) I f Baldwin name is not on the Challenger bike, BBCs reputation may not be damaged c. Strong Challenger sales may balance weak Baldwin sales d. ) With Challenger line, BBC will be producing at a higher capacity Recommendation The group recommends the alternative courses of action number two which state Accept the Proposal. The followi ng computations was the basis of the recommendation. latent Problem Analysis 1. Additional cost is involved. 2. Lost additional sales from the costumers 3. Additional investment to finance additional increase in receivables, inventories, record-keeping,tax inventory, treatment labor and equipment, possible obsolescence and or damage.

Emergency Department Poc Immunoassay Testing Essay

Introductioncardiovascular illness is a substantial concern and has emerged as one of the lede health issues. In examining cardiovascular disease, its incidence is astounding. Each year almost one million men and women die, averaging one death every thirty three seconds (Heart, 2013).The death rate for cardiovascular issues much(prenominal) as myocardial infarction and CHF claim more lives than peckcer and Aids combined. Heart disease will be the number one cause of death by the year 2020 worldwide (Heart, 2013). Notably affectionateness disease is a fundamental health problem that not lone(prenominal) costs lives but is a significant economic burden with costs relate to doctors visits, medications, rehabilitation and additive contributors such as loss of work and long-suffering rehabilitations. It is estimated at n primordial 485 billion dollars annually can be associated to the treatment of boldness related issues such as heart attack and CHF, early diagnosis is inst ant (Heart,2013). The intention of this project is to introduce the function of Point of care (POC) interrogatory in the compulsion part for immunoassay levels and educate on the benefits of early detection of Troponin and Brain naturietic peptide levels which are cardiovascular disease markers. This proposal outlines the purpose, targeted existence, costs, and benefits as well as the process of evaluation. Furthermore, acquiring approval of the want segment manager as well as the director is the intention of this proposal and it is hoped that the program once approved can be launched in June of 2015. usance of the ProgramThe purpose of the program is to promote is to acquire funding for the procure of an immunoassay point of care testing machine in the Emergency Department(ED). Heart disease effects millions of people worldwide, often patients present to the Emergency Department in need of testing for heart related issues. often times the chest pain and symptoms people are experiencing are benign, in utilizing the POC testing patients people can be quickly assessed for cardiac markers and if negative will result surplus precautionary medication utilization, decrease in unnecessary overnight observation, shortened length of stay in the ED as well as drop-off in patient anxiousness waiting for lengthy lab results (Noyan, 2013). Target PopulationThe target population includes men and women greater than age 18. Although heart related issues such as cardiovascular disease and CHF most commonly affect persons greater than 65 and estimated 1% of the population can be stricken with disease as early as age 18. Often times drugs may be a factor as well as genetics (Heart, 2013). It is unequivocal all persons presenting to the ER with chest pain or other heart related issues be cleared for any possible life threating cardiac events. There are an estimated 250,000 sudden cardiac deaths occurring each year in the united states, that translates into 680 p er day, half of this is in persons younger than 65 and in plus half of these have no prior warning symptoms (Heart,2013). Looking at these statistics it is imperative that having POC testing to rule out benign conditions and reserve resources for dependable life threating cardiac issues. CostsOnce the bargain for of the device is do its annual costs are slim. With the cost of health care insurrection and less insurance reimbursement saving money for the hospital is vital. The purchase set for the POC device is roughly 6,000 dollars which based on a study translated into approximately 9.00 to per person to perform the test which is very inexpensive( Mainor,2002).BenefitsBenefits of this program is receiving funding for the purchase of the POC testing equipment, resulting in the ability to rapidly evaluate patients presenting with cardiovascular symptoms, such as suspected acute myocardial infarction or heart failure. Utilizing POC testing into an emergency department results i n quicker diagnosis, treatment, improved patient outcomes, improves ER flow through by weeding out non acute patients, decreases unnecessary use of resources such as medication and hospital admissions. evaluationIn order to assess if this program will be successful we can survey a control group to divulge if the statements that are do are accurate. In surveying 100 patients that present with cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain. POC testing can be completed to see how many of the 100 patients were non acute chest pain resulting in the reduction of resources and admissions. In addition, research from other facilities is widely available and research has already been completed ensure the success of this program. Conclusion POC testing is an easy, quick interjection that leads to quicker diagnosis and the savings of vital resources need for life morose emergencies. This department needs to have this machine, the improvement of ER flow by reducing non acute patient wait t imes would be only one of many invaluable reasons to approve and fund this program.ReferencesHeart unhealthiness and Stroke Statistics2013. (2013). Journal of the American Heart Association, 127(6), 1-245. Mainor, B., Hardwick, W., & King, W. (January,2002). Evaluation of a Portable Clinical Analyzer in the Pediatric Emergency Department Analysis of Cost and Turnaround Time. Southern Medical Journal, 95(6), 4-5. Retrieved October 6, 2014. Noyan, T., Gozlukaya, O., & Cankaya, S. (2013). The Evaluation of Cardiac TroponinI Assays Measured Radiometer AQT90 Flex and ReLIA Analyzers. Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 1(4), 16-22.

Philippines Essay

Aquino evoked the people of the phili to awaken their senses that freedom is possible. I dissemble it means that he was willing to die in order for the Filipinos to conduct up to the Marcos dictatorship. He believed that Filipinos atomic number 18 worth dying for because he is the future of this nation. Ninoys closing one incident that had brought so many changes in our society. It was the bit point because a few years later, Marcos was thrown out by a peaceful and popular revoltHow would the Philippines look today, if it wasnt for Ninoys love for freedom and for the people that he went against Marcos. Instead of putting our rural at a battle, he chose to suffer long years of alone(p) confinement. Because he much value human life especially those Filipinos who would be sacrificed at the altar of revolution. we should also ask ourselves whether Ninoy death have make us worthy as Filipinos. In sacrificing his own life for Filipinos, Ninoy do the ultimate noble act nobody among us could ever repay. oddment for the love of the state of matter is the highest form of personal sacrifice only heroes are destined for. This is the land of our birth, the only place we Filipinos could truly call our home. If only, we dumb well and took these words of Ninoy into our hearts and minds, The Filipinos are worth dying for, perhaps, our country would have been the greatest nation on earth. I think the death of Ninoy we were all to blame. If only we fought earlier for our freedom. Does it takes a mans life to be sacrificed for us to be awaken to the truth and fight for justice?

Bright Light Big City

What not to Do melodic theme 2, Question 2 With al to the highest degree every mistake made in manner, thither are lessons that jackpot be learned from them. They can be minor throws in a souls character or they can all told alter the way heap live their lives. These decisions can be for the better or for the worst as well. In Jay McInerneys Bright Lights, outsized City, the character of You faces these very dilemmas. He made mistakes in his life that fetch altered the way he works, his social life, and, most importantly, the way he interacts with his family.It is almost as if he is a completely different somebody who simply wanted to fit into the in crowd. through aside the book it is evident that the pret cobblers laster makes his imagination reality, and he cannot keep up with it. This books entire plot should be a what not to do occur for every adolescent who is tempted by peer pressure, because it is a perfect doubling of what can happen in such a short measurement o f time, and how quick a person can for apprehend who they really are. In the beginning of the novel, You are quoted, thinking, You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning.But here you are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although the details are fuzzy. (McInerney, Pg. 1) This quote would be whizz of the first and most major indicators that the character of You is pretending to be something that he is not. Inside the character of You, he knows that his actions and the heap he is hanging most with is not the norm or does not fit who he is on the inside a person with morals and respect for his family. He is pretending to be a person without morals about taking drugs, his actions toward others, or h adeptsty in order to fit into the In crowd.As the story develops, the ref gets to learn about Yous relationships, habits, and other personal details that could try hints to his self-destruction. The reader learn s that You had recently been divorced from his model wife. They also learn that he is on the verge of losing his job, and his mother had passed away a year ago. However, in my opinion, the people that You began to associate himself with were the ones who changed his morals. After all the stress he had been under, people like Tad Allagash became a shape of easy way out of his situation.Instead of dealing with his stress in a healthy way, he obdurate to go out into the New York City night life, where he drank overly and took various drugs like cocaine, ecstasy, and other pills. He managed to be able to subjugate his family throughout his character change which included lying to them when he was laboured to talk with them. For example, when You is asked about where his wife, Amanda, is by his brother Michael, he responds, Shes shopping. (McInerney, Pg. 157).However later, later being knocked out by his brother, he tells the truth, Amanda isnt shopping, you say. She left me. (Mc Inerney, Pg. 159). This transmutation from deceit to honesty when he is vulnerable channelises that the character and morality of You is palliate inside of him, it has just been masked by the fabricated life that he had been living for the noncurrent year. At the end of the novel, You comes to the realization that the life he is living is not who he truly is on the inside, which is a person with morals and character that is above the pseudo life that is around him. I just realized something. (You) Whats that? (Tad) You and Amanda would make a great couple. I supposed that means that you get Odysseus all to yourself. Later, Tad. (McInerney, Pg. 177-178). You realized that Tad is one of the main sources for his self-destruction. His attitude towards life and other people have been reflected on to You. You decided that he did not need to put up with his antics any longer and to simply dismiss Tad from his life.Leaving Tad behind begins Yous change for the better and at the ver y end of the novel, You strives for a familiar barely basic staple from his childhood that being bread. He smells it in the urban center and bribes a man to give him some in exchange for his Ray-Ban sunglasses. You get down on your knees and tear open the bag. The smell of warm profits envelops you. The first bite sticks in your throat and you almost gag. You will have to learn everything all over again. (McInerney, Pg. 182). This final paragraph is the start of a new beginning for You.The symbol of giving up his sunglasses for something impartial yet familiar shows that he is willing to move on from the events of his past and better himself for the future. In my opinion, the moral lesson in the novel Bright Lights, Big City is to be yourself and to not let the stress in your life open yourself up to people who may alter your morals. This novel is sort of a not to do book that shows how easily a person can be changed when they allow stress to overcome their life. Although it is not a true story, It can be taken as precautionary tale.I do not believe the McInerney wrote this novel in order to scare people and say that if events like these happen in your life, you will end up a coke head. However, I believe he wrote this book to show that when people are at certain points in their life where they fathert know what to do, they will turn to whatever is easiest. Although at the time what is easy may seem to work, over time it will end up tearing them apart further. Bibliography 1. McInerney, Jay. Bright Lights, Big City A Novel. New York Vintage Contemporaries, 1984. Print.

Ideal Characteristics of an Early Childhood Education Program Essay

Education is something that is very important in forthwiths society since it prep atomic number 18s a psyche for the gigantic tasks and responsibilities that a person has to face in the real world. Because of this the government and institutions that caters to employing people place neat emphasis on a persons directional background. uniform a domino effect, the institutions that provide commandment to people would endlessly arise and improve curriculums, facilities and take aim chopines.It is during college and university that the academe would demand so much from its students view that those are the age which are most important while heavy(a) such low emphasis and importance to early babyhood education such as day care, pre shallow daytime and kindergarten. Even parents would mostly not reckon too much about these early years of education. In actuality, these years are the most important since it would be the catalyst for the babys enthusiasm to develop his/her larn ing skills, social skills and critical thinking skills.Thus, it is adjuratory for any parent to carefully choose what early childhood education architectural plan that would benefit their child the most. What exactly should a parent typeface for in such program? The National Research Council in 2000 (as cited by Currie, 2001) made a report that said there are terzetto aspects which are important in early childhood education, to develop the childs cognitive skills, school readiness, and social and stirred up development. Thus, a good program would be centering on those three aspects.A childs cognitive skills would be developed if the school pass on make efforts to learn what the child needs to learn more and learn less while providing engaging activities for him/her that would ensure optimum enhancement of cognitive skills, retention of already present cognitive skills and addition of such skills. though this would be difficult since childrens intelligence, abilities, learnin g styles and mental capabilities are different, the school should make a point in trying to come up with a program that would be agreeable to all the children.After all, having former(a) children almost them would benefit them in the long run since their social and worked up development would be enhanced too. Having other children around them that would blossom into experience and companionship is another skill that is wonderful for their over-all growth. Such social and emotional development would only be developed through careful counselling of the caretakers who are there in the program.Since the parents are usually not around or are separated from the actual activities, the caretakers would be the ones to encourage the children to dialogue to each other, spend time with each other and then lastly become friends. Thus, it is essential for an early childhood educational program to fall in efficient guides/caretakers/teachers within. Lastly, the National Research Council also mentioned of a good program that would prepare the child for school readiness.This is a daunting task for the program implementers since children are usually reluctant to go into a formal school system and leave the comforts of their homes when there were no strict school rules to follow and school responsibilities to do. tutor readiness is necessary since it would make the child appreciate the school as an institution that would nurture his/her skills as a person and in the long run, would also appreciate the training that the school is doing to prepare him/her for the more daunting life in the real world.School readiness does not really have a tangible and concrete way of being developed, instead, the school just needs create an purlieu that the pupils and students would enjoy. Thus, the school facilities and educational materials and something simple as lighting that would help the children into appreciating school should be conducive to the pupils overall growth.In conclusion there are three important goals that an early childhood education program should focus on cognitive skills, school readiness, and social and emotional development. each(prenominal) the school activities, materials and facilities should focus on achieving such aim. Also, the characteristics of such program would consider whether it targets one of these objectives effectively and efficiently. References Currie, J. (2001). Early childhood education programs. The Journal of frugal Perspectives 15(2) 213-238. JSTOR database.

Explain the Impacts the Vietnam War Had on Soldiers Essay

The Vietnam was a war like no a nonher(prenominal) and the nature of the get bying in this war had great bushels on the soldiers. At this time, fabianism was seen as a great threat, especi eithery by westward countries, and so extreme emphasis was placed on the domino theory that when one country falls to communism, others would follow and that forward defence would be the only solution to this issue. excessively during this time, Vietnam was artificially split into the communist S prohibitedh, take by Ho Chi Min who defeated and drove out the French, and the government led South, which was in the power of Diem who was clearly corrupt and had minute supporters so the spread of communism was quite likely. In response, American and Australian troops were sent to fight for the South and stop this spread of communism and there were many trickyies. Firstly, the soldiers faced very inhumane and difficult combat conditions. War itself is gruesome but in Vietnam, the conditions we re different and in some ways, it was worse.The terrain was difficult since it is made up of open rice paddies, chummy jungles and steep ranges that were filled with small villages containing civilians who were had to avoid. Also, the guerilla warfare made it secure for soldiers to identify the enemy since attacks may come from anybody, including normal civilians such as young children or even the elderly. The issues involved werent straightforward and two sides were conflict to convince the people that they had their best interests at heart but the Americans and Australians were seen as invaders with a clumsy fighting style and were seen as livelihood the corrupt regime of the South.All these conditions impacted the soldiers negatively because they were disadvantaged they had to fight in conditions that seemed to be unjust and against what they get been taught, causing many of the soldiers to gesture their role and also smell outing lost and confused with the nature of the fighting and also because their actions arent even supported by the people they we fighting for and the people at home due to a complaisant revolution. This caused soldiers to feel cheated but also feel as if they let the people down.This impact on the soldiers is significant because it was through this that led to other long-term issues. Also from the fighting, soldiers were physically impacted. Like in any war, many soldiers would have their wellness impacted by a vast range of circumstances. Many had wounds of various(a) degrees that were caused by numerous explosions from bombs, shelling and landmines as well as from gunshots or flying shrapnel that affected many parts of the body, handicapping soldiers. Also, the landmines used were very serious.If they did not cause death, the injuries caused by these were extremely severe and terrible, as soldiers would lose a leg or even both legs due to this. Soldiers were also opened to a strong chemical known as Agent Orange, whose sea captain use was to kill jungle growth so that the enemy could be revealed, but there were many serious long term personal effects as a result of this which included nervous conditions, many forms of cancer, and contagious deformations which led to malformations of children conceived after the war, and continued on into future generations.So as a result of the fighting in Vietnam, many soldiers were impacted physically. Furthermore, the soldiers experient extreme psychological problems. Due to the brutal nature of the war, soldiers ended up and were forced to kill many seemingly innocent civilians. This is against what many of the soldiers treasured and what they were taught instead of killing the ferocious enemy armies like what their fathers experienced, young children, helpless mothers and the elderly became the victims, which seemed very wrong.This has led to various mixed emotions, comprising mainly of crime guilt for killing the innocent and guilt for letting the South Vietnamese down after promising them so much and leaving them neglectful in the end. In addition, soldiers would have lost many of their friends in mesh but also returned to a home that has been changed by a social revolution (hippie movement) that resented war so instead of returning as heroes for fighting for their country, the soldiers were only quietly brought back and were isolated.As a result of all this, the veterans faced many mental health problems such as depression, schizophrenia, nightmares that in conclusion led to high suicide rates and many other social problems. In conclusion, many of the soldiers who went and fought in the Vietnam war never really returned they have been through and experienced so many horrors and physical, mental and social pain, that they never really blended in with their society at home anymore and never really regained what they had before the war again.

Ordeal by Fire Essay

When Contrasting and comparing the twain gives trial by ordeal by Fire and George B. McClellan and civilised struggle History even though they are basically on the same subjects Thomas Rowlands book deals with unity subject exclusively, George B. McClellan. James McPherson is to a greater extent of a chronological history of the well-mannered war that discusses McClellans efforts during the war. There is some mention of mental problems and indications of new(prenominal) problems he had, but most focused on the leadership and events of the war. several(prenominal) of the problems with McClellan twain books do address are his slowness and his problem with exaggeration.To study where both causations are coming from and to understand George B. McClellan I first valued to discuss his career and his abilities in the Civil War and to find break through why he became known historically, as Rowlands puts it deranged and paranoid (Rowland, 1998 p. ix). Kno clearg what the man w ent through will help to understand by chance why he is generally considered a failure as a general. Lets begin with the first campaign of the Civil War even though it was a minor battle it was the first win for the compact and these troops were under the leave out of George B. McClellan.This battle under McClellans leadership successfully drove confederate troops out of the Kanawha vale of western sandwich Virginia during May and June of 1861 (McPherson, 1982 p. 159). McClellans victory gave this region a cockeyed grip for the Union side and kept it from becoming in control condition of the confederates and eventually became West Virginia. yet when the first major battle was a different story. The battle at Bull Run Creek was a disaster and this is where McClellan was able to come in for his gleaming moment and go along the day. This was where McClellan replaced McDowell who had been the General during Bull Run Creek.McClellan then later became general in chief (Rowland, 19 98 p. 86). McClellan spent the fall and winter drilling his troops and tanning them into shape. This became the first incident that showed cl early McClellans contempt for capital of Nebraska and believably began the rumors that spread about McClellan, I believe. President Lincoln couldnt understand why McClellan was taking so long and to go into the field he began to express how he thought the general was being slow lucid the army into action. McClellans slowness is discussed many times in both books, some citing it as cautious or meticulous.Then even more bad finiss made by McClellan happened. Union forces in the West had won some very important victories before McClellan could make a bunk to aid those troops. Successes around the edge of the confederacy did not help to shut up northern frustration at the inactivity or failure of the Union forces on the eastern front and this helped to reinforce the general attitude towards McClellans generalship. Lincoln, because of this, r elieved McClellan of his supreme command and ordered him to take the rack upensive command at the head of the Army of the Potomac and forced McClellan to begin campaigning (McPherson, 1982 p.211). The terrestrial route to Richmond was difficult so kinda he move his forces by water to the peninsula southeast of the confederate capital. After landing at Fort Monroe, a Union post, McClellan began moving up the peninsula in early April 1862. For months he was stalled at Yorktown which he chose to besiege rather than attack, other sign of slowness and stagnation (Rowland, 1998 p. 107). After the fall of Yorktown he pushed ahead to a point twenty miles from Richmond and waited for troops he had expected Lincoln to send but that didnt happen.Lincoln instead had decided the troops were needed to defend Washington instead. Many rally that if McClellan had moved more boldly and decisively he probably could see captured Richmond with the forces he had. But a combination of faulty appre hension reports and his own natural caution had led him to make the wrong decision in what he wrongly believed to be outnumbered by superior add up (McPherson, 1982 p. 234). By the end of May the Confederates discovered that McClellans army were divided on each side of the Chickahominy River and attacked.In this battle named Seven Pines McClellan was scarcely able to hold his ground until corps from the other side track and saved the day. During this battle was when General lee(prenominal) took command of the confederate army. At the end of June Lee began an all out effort to expel McClellan from his military capability on the outskirts of Richmond. In a series of battles that lasted seven days McClellan warded off Lees final assaults at Malvera hill and decided to back away down the peninsula to a more secure point. In doing so it persuade Lincoln that the peninsula campaign was a wasted battle (Rowland, 1998 p.66-67). On July eleventh Lincoln appointed General Henry W. Hal leck who had been in command of the western theater, to be the new general in chief. Halleck was ordered by Lincoln to order McClellan to with start atal his army from the peninsula and join forces under General pope that was preparing to move on Richmond by the overland route. As vulgar McClellan was slow in responding and the confederates got to Pope before he did. Pope was poorly beaten before McClellan did arrive. McClellan was ordered back to Washington where he was marginal of command.But Lincoln desperate reappointed him to head the army of the Potomac (McPherson, 1982 p. 255-2160). Meanwhile Lee and his excited troops went on to invade Maryland in hopes o f isolating Washington from the rest of the North. But McClellan caught up with him next Sharpsburg and the bloodiest one day battle of the war happened. At Antietam on family line 17th almost five thousand solders were killed on both sides and some other eighteen thousand were wounded. The battle ended in a draw and Lee was forced to withdraw south of the Potomac River to protect his low supplies.McClellan was once more slow in persuit6 and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy get down (Rowland 1998, p. 176-177). Lincoln believing he needed a stronger general because McClellan was so slow appointed Ambrose B. Burnside commander of the Army of the Potomac. A enormous mistake on Lincolns part because Rowland put it he was Replacing individual slow with someone considered dense (Rowland 1998 p. 223). Rowland argues the war could be divided into two parts and each had demands on the commanders that fought them.In Rowlands book McClellan is as well cautious, proud, psychologically impaired and an aristocratic officer that was brought up against very unnerving commanders Lee and Jackson. With the battle of Seven Pines and Antietam campaign he had to face is what Rowland says, gave McClellan each reason for caution. Other reasons Rowland gave were that McClellan commanded a new hastily throw n together army in the beginnings of the war when the nation was expectations were huge and fast victories was wanted. Because of McClellans slowness I believe that is was not possible.Both books relied heavily on historical documents, letters and diaries to defend their thesis but Rowlands book does give a lot more weight to the writing by other professors that wrote controversial books on the subject. But then again the emblem of book Rowland wrote needs those types of sources to make the valid stand he was taking. McPhersons book uses a huge amount of historical documents, letters and diaries. His filename extension and bibliography totally impressed me. Rowland introduces more feeling into his book than concentrating on facts.But in my experience when using personal letters and notes, I believe, there is too much room for interpretation unless you know the author. Many letter were used that were between McClellan and his wife and granted they are useful, but I think we still have to keep in mind that unless the author or recipient of these letters are alive, it would almost be unacceptable to know the intent and unconscious meaning in them. If I was to get hold of which book that I would rely more of facts it would have to be McPhersons book. Like I mentioned before it wasnt filled with emotional feelings as Rowlands book and to me used more reliable sources.Dealing with the Civil War and the historical documents can be a huge crease and McPherson did an excellent job of using the mounds and mounds of documentation available. One thing I think both authors do agree upon was that McClellan, even though he wasnt the best, he wasnt the worst of commanders. One thing I did think was different in the authors accounting of the general was that McPherson did discuss a problem McClellan had with chronic exaggeration (McPherson, 1982 p. 212). And this attribute was mentioned many times when he discussed McClellan and opposing forces.McClellan would say he wa s waiting for more troops to arrive citing the numbers of the opposing force as the reason. This caution was seen as slowness. I do side with Rowland when he wrote that he wanted to give a balanced look at McClellan and recognition for his achievements. He did a peachy job of giving reason and theory to McClellans actions. Rowlands statement, McClellans strategy, though reflective of the unrealistic war aims of the years 1861-1862 was cogent, reasoned, and consistent with pompous military wisdom and his personal views of the nature of the conflict.It was not hallucinatory or deranged it mirrored the views of the administration and of a sizeable, if not shrinking, majority (Rowland, 1998 p. 237). The only thing that didnt make him great was his inability for great wins.References McPherson, J. M. (1982). Ordeal by fire The Civil War and reconstruction. New York Knopf. Rowland, T. J. (1998). George B. McClellan and Civil War history In the shadow of Grant and Sherman. Kent, Ohio Ken t State University Press.Similar necktiehttps//studymoose.com/road-safety-essay

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta Muhammad ibn Battuta (1304-ca. 1368) was a Moorish traveler whose lengthy voyages as cold as Sumatra and China, s revealhern Russia, the Maldives, the eastern hemisphereward African coast, and Timbuktu make him one of the sterling(prenominal) medieval travelers. Muhammad ibn Battuta was natural in Tangier. His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of improvement as judges. later receiving an education in Moslem law, Ibn Battuta set out in 1325, at the age of 21, to perform the required pilgrimage to Mecca and to poke out his studies in the East.He reached Mecca in 1326 by way of life of Egypt and Syria. This journey activated in him the furore to see the world. From Mecca he do a detonate to Iraq and western Persia as far as Tabriz and in 1327 returned via Baghdad to Mecca, where he spent the abutting 3 years. Ibn Battuta then(prenominal) travelled by mail along the loss sea shores to Yemen and from Aden to Mogadishu and the East African wo rk manners. He returned by way of Oman and the Persian disjuncture to Mecca in 1332. future(a) he passed finished Egypt and Syria and by channelize reached Anatolia, where he visited local Turkish rulers and religious brformer(a)hoods.He crossed the Black Sea to the Crimea in the territories of the easy Horde and visited its caravan inn in the Caucasus. He then journeyed to Sarai, the capital of the rosy Horde east of the lower Volga, and then done Khwarizm, Transoxiana, and Afghanistan to the Indus valley. From 1333 to 1342 Ibn Battuta stayed at Delhi, where sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq gave him a billet as judge, and then he travelled by means of central India and along the Malabar coast to the Maldives.His next pilgrimage took him to Ceylon, back to the Maldives, Bengal, Assam, and Sumatra. He landed in China at the port of Zayton and probably reached Peking. go via Sumatra to Malabar in 1347, he took a ship to the Persian Gulf. He revisited Baghdad, Syria, Egypt, Me cca, and Alexandria, traveled by ship to Tunis, Sardinia, and Algeria, and reached Fez by an terrestrial route in 1349. After a visit to the Moslem commonwealth of Granada, he make a lowest trip through the Sahara to the melanize Moslem pudding stone on the Niger, move to Fez in 1354.During his travels Ibn Battuta any(prenominal)times lost his diaries and had to fiat them from memory. His travel parole was written from his reports by Ibn Juzayy, a man of garner commissioned by the ruler of Fez. These circumstances may account for about inaccuracies in chronology and itineraries and other shortcomings of the work which affect some parts in particular. However, the book contains priceless and sometimes unique information on the countries Ibn Battuta visited.Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta Muhammad ibn Battuta (1304-ca. 1368) was a Moorish traveler whose extensive voyages as far as Sumatra and China, gray Russia, the Maldives, the East African coast, and Timbuktu made him one of the greatest medieval travelers. Muhammad ibn Battuta was born in Tangier. His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of service as judges. After receiving an education in Islamic law, Ibn Battuta set out in 1325, at the age of 21, to perform the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca and to continue his studies in the East.He reached Mecca in 1326 by way of Egypt and Syria. This journey aroused in him the passion to see the world. From Mecca he made a trip to Iraq and western Persia as far as Tabriz and in 1327 returned via Baghdad to Mecca, where he spent the next 3 years. Ibn Battuta then traveled by ship along the Red Sea shores to Yemen and from Aden to Mogadishu and the East African trading ports. He returned by way of Oman and the Persian Gulf to Mecca in 1332. Next he passed through Egypt and Syria and by ship reached Anatolia, where he visited local Turkish rulers and religious brotherhoods.He crossed the Black Sea to the Crimea in the territories of the Golden Horde and visi ted its khan in the Caucasus. He then journeyed to Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde east of the lower Volga, and then through Khwarizm, Transoxiana, and Afghanistan to the Indus valley. From 1333 to 1342 Ibn Battuta stayed at Delhi, where Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq gave him a position as judge, and then he traveled through central India and along the Malabar coast to the Maldives.His next trip took him to Ceylon, back to the Maldives, Bengal, Assam, and Sumatra. He landed in China at the port of Zayton and probably reached Peking. Returning via Sumatra to Malabar in 1347, he took a ship to the Persian Gulf. He revisited Baghdad, Syria, Egypt, Mecca, and Alexandria, traveled by ship to Tunis, Sardinia, and Algeria, and reached Fez by an overland route in 1349. After a visit to the Moslem kingdom of Granada, he made a final trip through the Sahara to the black Moslem empire on the Niger, returning to Fez in 1354.During his travels Ibn Battuta sometimes lost his diaries and had to rewrite them from memory. His travel book was written from his reports by Ibn Juzayy, a man of letters commissioned by the ruler of Fez. These circumstances may account for some inaccuracies in chronology and itineraries and other shortcomings of the work which affect some parts in particular. However, the book contains invaluable and sometimes unique information on the countries Ibn Battuta visited.Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta Muhammad ibn Battuta (1304-ca. 1368) was a Moorish traveler whose extensive voyages as far as Sumatra and China, southern Russia, the Maldives, the East African coast, and Timbuktu made him one of the greatest medieval travelers. Muhammad ibn Battuta was born in Tangier. His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of service as judges. After receiving an education in Islamic law, Ibn Battuta set out in 1325, at the age of 21, to perform the obligatory pilgrimage to Mecca and to continue his studies in the East.He reached Mecca in 1326 by way of Egypt and Syria. This journey aroused in him the passion to see the world. From Mecca he made a trip to Iraq and western Persia as far as Tabriz and in 1327 returned via Baghdad to Mecca, where he spent the next 3 years. Ibn Battuta then traveled by ship along the Red Sea shores to Yemen and from Aden to Mogadishu and the East African trading ports. He returned by way of Oman and the Persian Gulf to Mecca in 1332. Next he passed through Egypt and Syria and by ship reached Anatolia, where he visited local Turkish rulers and religious brotherhoods.He crossed the Black Sea to the Crimea in the territories of the Golden Horde and visited its khan in the Caucasus. He then journeyed to Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde east of the lower Volga, and then through Khwarizm, Transoxiana, and Afghanistan to the Indus valley. From 1333 to 1342 Ibn Battuta stayed at Delhi, where Sultan Muhammad ibn Tughluq gave him a position as judge, and then he traveled through central India and along the Malabar coast to the Maldives.His next trip took him to Ceylon, back to the Maldives, Bengal, Assam, and Sumatra. He landed in China at the port of Zayton and probably reached Peking. Returning via Sumatra to Malabar in 1347, he took a ship to the Persian Gulf. He revisited Baghdad, Syria, Egypt, Mecca, and Alexandria, traveled by ship to Tunis, Sardinia, and Algeria, and reached Fez by an overland route in 1349. After a visit to the Moslem kingdom of Granada, he made a final trip through the Sahara to the black Moslem empire on the Niger, returning to Fez in 1354.During his travels Ibn Battuta sometimes lost his diaries and had to rewrite them from memory. His travel book was written from his reports by Ibn Juzayy, a man of letters commissioned by the ruler of Fez. These circumstances may account for some inaccuracies in chronology and itineraries and other shortcomings of the work which affect some parts in particular. However, the book contains invaluable and sometimes unique information on the countries Ibn Battuta visited.

High School Enrollment System Essay

I. 1 Background of the Study This labor movement looks at an enrolment System for a blue groomhouse. It stores details of learners, year, and section. It may overly be use as local assessment of the MEIN misgiving H. S. for their fees. The enrollment is designed for use by staff and other authorized user in the high school office to enable them to easily create tuition required by the different people in the high school. Computing technology has an impact on almost every side of daily life. Computer applications abound in art, business, entertainment, science, engineering and medicine.For assimilators who think logically, screw solving problems and withdraw an interest in softw atomic number 18 development, Computer perception is a good translate choice. Students develop skills in logical thinking, original problem-solving and communication. Classes often incorporate a team approach, requiring clear communication among members as they solve a problem and ex plain their solution to others. Students mount two hands-on design experience as well as supposed friendship. This combination of skills provides an advantage to graduating students because of the broad range of skills possessed. Classes atomic number 18 generally small, averaging little than 25 students.The faculty cash in ones chipss on such fascinating topics as virtual reality, high-speed networks, parallel computing, computer security, embedded applications, Internet technologies and multimedia. Students work alongside faculty in department labs equipped railleryh state-of-the-art computing equipment. Students can gain extra experience in the Student Chapter of the ACM (affiliated with the discipline organization), which hosts technical and social activities as well as the Honors Co-op computer program which provides paid internships during the senior year at local companies.A nett application or web app is an application that is admission priceed via the Inter net or an Intranet. weathervane applications are popular due to ubiquity of the client. The ability to update and reserve web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers are key reasons for their popularity. A significant advantage of building web applications to expect a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating schema installed on a given client.The proponents indomitable to adapt web application in their study because it enables the students, faculty, and administrators of the institution to gain 24-hour assenting and use to the proposed corpse via a client computer without every needs of installing or distributing any software. I. 2 Statement of the puzzle The MEIN business organisation H. S. is using a manual governance of rules for their enrollment facility. The inaccuracies of discipline were minimal, the the likes ofs of the identification of level pe r year and sometimes the registrar forcefulness were making a mistake with the quash of subjectbut the possibleness of encountering a more difficulties and tedious task was still at hand. wiz of the problems that the institution would like to include in the study was the lack manpower in the billing department. In the accounting office or the cashier, MEIN contrast H. S. only when had two personnel to accommodate the students during the honorariumment of fees for their enrolment. The outcome was that the school had a hard time in accommodating those large seconded students, and that make it hard for other students to wait in line. Another problem of the school was the generation of forms. The students needed to fill-up the student information slip, advising slip, and three (3) copies of the registration forms for the imitation and record of the accounting office, the registrar and for the student themselves.Students were consuming a chain reactor of time in doing suc h. Since the students are manually filling-up the authorized documents the school, entropy verbosity has a great possibility in causing further complexness in the enrolment process. An added problem was that when the students were getting their subjects and schedule for the semester, the students had to refer to the bulletin boards for the available subjects, schedule, and slots. Since the said information was posted, it would only mean that the updates were not monitored effectively. To declare the students updated at all times, the availability of the subjects and slots should be monitored.If a subject only has 5 slots available and thither are still a number of students who would be enrolling that subject, students should be informed of someone has availed the slots already so that there wouldnt be any wasted time just by falling in line again just to look for another(prenominal) available slot. I. 3 Assumption and Hypothesis This study is sought to come the following questi ons and assumptions, to wit ?What are the advantages of using an automated enrollment system? ?What are the important Components that should be used in completing this task? ?What are the tools that will be used to able for the proponent to get it on this study?To aid the researcher on the study, the following hypothesis is formulated, to wit The advantages that the proposed automated Enrollment system are Cost savings and be avoidance Quicker response Accuracy Getting the needed information Backup and security The following are the important component in terms of students information Student Number schooling Year Section ID Year level Schedule ID Teacher ID salary code The tools that will be used in completing this project is Microsoft Access 2003 as its backend and the Microsoft visual basic 6. 0 as its antecedent end, this tools are compatible with windows platform. I.4 Significance of the Study Due to the change magnitude population of MEIN Business H. S. this study helpe d the school regarding their enrollment transactions. The proposed system aimed to returns the school in their enrollment facilities such as maintaining the files, assessment of fees and specially the enrollment itself. The proposed system aimed to take in the following The work The main benefactive role of the study is MEIN Business H. S. MEIN Business H. S. would be adapting the new innovation of technology through web that will make their work with optimum performance. The create system will compensate the flaws and problems that thecompany is encountering. Employees would not have to worry preparing forms for the customers and insures for the managers because the system will supply it for them. Registrar and Accounting Office With regards to the registrars office the proposed system will help the school in maintaining the data of the students and the school will not use the manual data gathering. MEIN Business H. S. will just need to check the database for the records nee ded. Students The students will benefit by means of not having a hard time in falling in line and waiting for their turn to register and pay for their tuitions.The students can pay their tuitions via the internet. Proponents The proponents would also be a beneficiary of the study since the proponents would value the importance of enhancing their skills and work performance while grasping knowledge throughout the study. Future Researchers For the future researchers, this study could be used for their credit entry in having a local enrollment system if the future researchers would like to formulate a system such as this. I. 5 field and Delimitation of the Study The proposed of system was a portal type system that dorsumed the major processes in the enrollment system of MEIN Business H.S. videlicet Registration of the current students, class scheduling and sectioning, assessment of fees, file maintenance, report generation (registration form, assessment slip, student master list, a nd other forms and reports essential to the system). The proposed system included the processing of students personal records and the mode of payment that the student would choose. The new students or transferees have a limited access over the online enrolment system.Since they do not have an account or profile in the system, they could only view the following courses offered available schedule, subjects, and slots communicate amount of the tuition fee. When the student logs in his/her account, there would be tabs or menus that would contain options that the student might want to do in the system.He/she could find updates in his/her account (assessment fees), the pre-registration form for enrollment with the class schedule, and other forms that would be needed for the accomplishment of the records or the student. The student would also be given a selection for the mode of payment that he/she would like to avail (i. e. Online via credit card, Cash or Installment).The forms that would be needed from the enrollee would be passed on-line. The online payment would be through the means of entering the bank account number of the enrollee, course code, student or ID number, and the bank account number of the school itself. Users of the system have their own account with different access levels. Students can view the subjects that are available, pay their tuition fees and view their grades online.The student will be given a selection of the mode of payment. Administrators have total access to the system. The portal system was not connected by any means to the current web page that the school is using.The proposed system would only be used for enrollment purposes only. The study does not cover the computation of students grades since only the final grade is needed to verify if the student passed the pre-requisite of a particular subject, entrance examinations and other web messaging go such as forums/threads, online voting/polling, and e-mail 1. 6 Theoretical example Inquiry of Students Requirements User Illustrates theoretical framework of MEIN Business High School Enrollment. Inquiry of Students, Requirements, Registration, Student Listing of Assessment, Enrollment and Student Report are the seven entities that are interconnected to the user.Registration Student listing MEIN Business H. S. Enrollment System Assessment Enrollment Student Report 1. 7 Conceptual Framework Registration Enrollment of Students Generates properly Print official receipt Illustrates the conceptual framework of MEIN Business High School Enrollment System. Registration, Processing Modification, Assessment of Students, Enrollment of Students, Generates Properly and Print Official Receipt. These are the six entities that are interconnected with the user. Processing modification Assessment of Students MEIN Business H. S. Enrollment System User.

Final Exam Solutions (Leadership and Organizational Behavior) Essay

1. TCO A, B) Define organizational behavior and list the four emotional scholarship competencies that commit to understanding ourselves and others within the organizational behavior environment.2. (TCO D) Referring to the team decision-making process, gear up consensus and unanimity and explain the difference between the twain. 3. (TCO E, F) Although fighting is usu entirelyy considered a negative experience to be avoided, it actually has the potential to produce unequivocal organizational outcomes. Please identify deuce-ace ways in which conflict can be a positive influence.4. (TCO G) There are hexad sources of position power in organizational settings. Identify and define three of these sources.5. (TCO H, I, J) The senior executive team at AllGoodThings.com, after a dodge review session with the Board of Directors, has decided that its time to assign some time and capital in improving the corporate culture. The confederation has rebounded from a near calamity two years a go, and while it was a great scramble, the company survived and is in the strongest position ever. They knew that the culture had been strained by the episode and wanted sincerely to work to bring things back to normal. With the assistance of local HR offices, a case was made to the employee population that certain aspects of their current culture might have suffered over the past fewer years and that it was time to think about change.They announced that they would be undergoing an organizational culture review and that everyones opinion was valued. A whopping 79% of the employees participated in the survey that they administered. Senior caution had worked with the consultants for a few months ahead the survey was given and had determined their Ideal scores. The survey confirmed their suspicions.6. (TCO C) As a manager you are in a situation where a key employee seems to have lost his excitement about the job. The employees familiar positive tone and high energy approach to the job and the piece of work seem to be on the wane. You really dont hunch forward what is going on with this person. But, you can try to source to understand this employee by examining various motivation theories. Use elements from each of Maslows theory, Herzbergs Two-Factor theory, and candor theory and assemble your own motivation theory to help you to start understanding this employee.Be sure to fully explain and define all elements that you use in your new model of motivation. Finally, compose a condensed case to demonstrate how your motivation model can actually be applied. 7. (TCO G) The Michigan and Ohio State studies represent seminal research on lead theory. Both studies identified two basic forms of leader behaviors. What were the similarities in the findings from these two studies and what was the significance of the research?8. (TCO A, B) In order to meet organizational goals and objectives management must comprehend organizational behavior in relationship to the fu nctions of management. come and describe the management process functions and describe how the five personality traits contribute to the management process.9. (TCO E, F) Neff Incorporated is a small business with 100 employees and 4 managers.10.(TCO D) Define the concept of social loafing. Why does social loafing expire? Give an example of social loafing and a suggestion for how to interdict it.

Working in partnership with others in education

Mary Warnock emphasized on the importance of placing the assorted draw a bead on a hops of disablements oft leads to unlike sorts of carve upicular educational demands. She points erupt that autistic spectrum differs from other childhood conditions and affect an unusual manner of burble the societal universe and the form of development ( Cigman, 2007 ) . The Particular Educational Needs codification of Practice devotes a chapter to p atomic number 18nts saying working in league with p bents which portray how leys and shoals should back up arouses during statutory estimation. P atomic number 18nts must be in all(a)owed to take portion in the design devising subroutine when bespeaking a statutory idea ( DfES, 2001 ) .The Education encounter ( 1996 ) suggests that LEAs attain the duties in run intoing the get off the groundicular educational demands of electric razors. This part begins when a referral is issued to the LEA bespeaking a statutory appraisal in order to attain how to run into the demands of kids with feature demands. This influence takes near 26 hebdomads to be carried out and completed. However, if the Local politics disagrees with the referral or petition, names have the legal right to challenge to the Particular Educational Needs Tribunal ( SENT ) , ( Farrell, 1997 ) .There ar assorted pranks and issues that parents experience when seeking educational aid for their kids with particular demands. First, the flash back frame for an entreaty to be accepted and acknowledged by the courts takes some sextet hebdomads. As a consequence of the foresightful reign period, parents oftentimes become stressed and defeated. Sometimes the procedure period is excessively long therefore giving rise to other terrible jobs, such as diagnosing and intervention for illustration if a kid is diagnosed with Attention shortfall Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) at a certain age ( 0-16 ) unless at 17 old ages the diagnosing pull up stak es be classified as something else. Conduct up decorate is an illustration. Applying independently for a statutory appraisal elicit be rightfully nerve-racking for parents a long waiting game and parents may get follow out to miss assurance in the system ( Cowne, 1996 ) .A In most instances parents breakthrough and through it overweight to acquire the procedure started, holding to fight to acquire their kid assessed ( Taylor, 2003 ) .AThe Education Act ( 1996 ) states that it is the LEA s duty to organize the demands to run into a kid s demands as have been identified by the statutory appraisal and underlined in the averment.A In treatments held by the Audit Commission with parents, the bulk agreed that whenever the instruct failed to mention their kid for an appraisal, they imbed it thwarting and nerve-racking. A parent in peculiar commented I found it hard to get down the procedure . I had to implore ( Taylor, 2003 ) . Some parents felt there is a capacious hold i n get downing the procedure whereas others experience powder store troubles whilst the procedure begins.A The House of Commons ( 2006 ) reports that there is a great impact in the length of clip it takes to measure and treat a statement this in its ain right can hold terrible do on a kid s instruction.Lack of enate partnership excessively seemed to hold posed jobs for parents while seeking educational set up for their SEN kids. Throughout appraisal of particular demands proviso, parents have a right to take part to the full, nevertheless they can merely make so if purloin information about the system and procedure they are prosecuting in are minded(p) to them.It besides helps if the professionals genuinely listen to the parents. Whitaker s research ( 2007 ) look issues for parents of kids with Autistic Spectrum Disorders ( ASD ) in mainstream instills and found that parental partnerships were the beginning of many dissatisfaction. He states that Parents placed a high val ue on the willingness of school staff to listen and take earnestly any concerns that they may hold about their kid s experiences and advancement. Conversely afailure to take parental concerns earnestly was a powerful cause of dissatisfaction peculiarly where parents felt they were seen as needlessly crabbed. ( Wall, 2003 ) Parents do go vulnerable and stressed if they are sing troubles in obtaining adequate information and support from schools and Local Authorities.( Robson, 1989 ) declared that a successful partnership is based on equality, whereby each spouse recognises and benefits from the endowments, accomplishments dexterity and cognition of the other. At times one spouse may heed a comparatively inactive function, in other state of affairss a more(prenominal) active function. The Lamb Inquiry ( DCSF, 2009 ) besides highlighted that parents preponderantly valued a system that worked for them and their kids Parents have told us that good, honest and unfastened communic ation is the most indispensable component for constructing assurance and good relationships. Face to gift communicating with parents and handling them as equal spouses with expertness is critical to set uping and prolonging assurance ( Wall, 2003 ) . This clearly shows how hapless communicating between schools and Local governments can be strenuous for parents.In an article a parent divided her ambitious experiences in having appropriate educational support for her 11yr old boy. Christine Grainger, a female parent from Surrey, says voyaging the system on behalf of kids with particular demands is hard and time-consuming. Christine s 11-year-old boy dean, has dyslexia, dyspraxia and attention-deficit hyperactivity upset ( ADHD ) and she had a conflict to acquire the specialiser learning he needed. Christine says she is disillusioned with the system. At the terminal of his response twelvemonth, she was told Dean had jobs and was being sick on the SEN registry. When he was finally g iven a statement stating he needed 20 hours of support, Christine was told the school did non hold the medical specialist staff essential to back up him and was asked to happen a different school First of all Dean did nt desire to go off his school because he d do some particular friends and it was besides hard seeking to happen a school that would run into all of Dean s demands We found we could nt merely take him to any school, I had to seek and happen a school that would accept him with all the jobs that he s got ( Tomlinson, 1981 ) . Inclusion has been identified as one of the cardinal issues that parents find unsatisfactory. It is of import because it affects kids with and without disablements. Harmonizing to Taylor ( 2003 ) the issue debated in 1970 s, was whether handicapped kids learn best in incorporate or unintegrated categories.Conversely some parents felt that they were given excessively much information and non adequate clip to understand. Most parent did nt unders tand what the information meant in English experiencing bombarded ( Taylor, 2003 ) . It is said that it is the Local government agency ( LA ) responsibilities to control that a proposed statement is sent out to parents no subsequently than 12 hebdomads after the statutory appraisal Begin. The statement consists of six subdivisions in which parents find it difficult to understand what it all entails ( Cigman, 2007 ) . Problems persist until now once the statement has been issued. Most parents found out that their kids had received a statement but failed to understand what each subdivision was approximately. One parent stated that she will be maintaining an oculus on the school to guarantee that the kid s statement is followed through ( Taylor, 2003 ) .The most hard job that parents come across is acquiring their kid assessed, particularly if the kid was referred by the school. When a parent realizes that their kid seems to be sing troubles whilst science, parents should firs t vex the school.A If the school agrees that there might be jobs, with the parents consent they will demo the kid on the school action /school action confident(p) docket. These are intercession plans that assist kids with educational demands to make the set mark in class.A If parents find these plan unsuitable for their kids s demands referral for a statutory appraisal is otherwise available.A Merely a parent, the school, wellness authorization or societal services section is allowed to bespeak statutory assessment.A It is ever best(predicate) that parents should advise the school foremost. However, some parents have problem speaking to their kid s school because the school wo nt accept that kid has particular educational demands ( Moore, 2004 ) . There is a procedure that parents has to follow when seeking appraisal for their kid. Wolfendale introduced a instance survey scenario, where the parents approached the educational psychologist when they came to the school for a ever yday visit, they found that the school had neer informed the psychologist about their kid ( Bell, 2003 )In fortunes where parents and school do non hold, a parent may near the Local Authorities ( LA ) independently. However, the LA may be loath to get down the procedure for fiscal grounds. The Audit Commission wrote a study statutory appraisal and statements of SEN in demand of reappraisal? the Audit Commission looks at public money and the best manner to utilize it.A It writes that the demands for statements are lifting and statements are intended for kids with higher degrees of demand based on a statutory appraisal ( IPSEA, 2001 ) . Geting a statutory appraisal is cost effectual and may non help the kid s demand, this is why it is difficult to acquire LA to hold to the referral, if you do nt measure the demand how can you find what is required to run into it ( IPSEA, 2001 ) .A The lone path to acquiring a statement is through an appraisal the statement guarantees that the kid s particular educational demands will be met.AThere is besides the issue of the kid s part they excessively have a part to do in their appraisal and the type of intercession programme that will profit them. The kids act ( 1989 ) and the tyke Care Act ( 2006 ) supports the importance of listening to the kid which is besides echoed in the codification of pattern ( DfES ) , 2001. ) This is an of import consideration as it is frequently presumed that real immature kids and particularly those with particular demands are incapable of lending to backchat sing their instruction and acquisition, when in world they have valid sentiments and part to do which can inform parents, practicians and pattern. If kids are capable of lending to the procedure of appraisal so their positions should be valued and respected.Inequality is another facial expression that generates troubles for parents. It might be the instance that particular educational demands parents do non have the same intervention in comparing with the parents of conventionalism mainstream pupils. One of the statements put frontward by those in favor of educational inclusion for all SEN kids is that such kids benefit from the societal life in a mainstream school and from the function theoretical accounts provided by typically developing kids ( Cigman, 2007 ) .There are more concerns about SEN kids than those who are considered modal(prenominal), because of their forte, greater accent is placed on their educational development, as such parents with SEN kids are faced with more challenges than parents who have normal kids.Inclusion is besides a challenge faced by parents with particular kids. This is due to the fact that, particular kids do non work as the normal kids in the same schoolroom scene. There is the job of puting suited acquisition challenges, reacting to pupils diverse acquisition demands and get the better ofing possible barriers to larning and appraisal for persons and groups of students ( Far rell, 1997 ) ..In decision, it is apparent that the jobs and issues that parents encounter in determining educational support for their kids with SEN are many and continues to blossom as new diagnosing are made. It is really clear that the statutory appraisal which is of paramount importance is the really hard and disputing for parents. Many times parents are non given a opportunity to hold an input or do a positive part towards their kid.

Code Switching Essay

Abstr lay outthough principle transformation research whitethorn vary from context to context and situation to situation, the common f biteors for encipher substitution on the wholeow be threefold. That is, jurisprudence dealing deals with formulateologys in contact. In actional fond situations decree twitching will be the use of more than peerless lyric poem For pattern the interaction during sundry(a) social events involving interlocutors who go through more than nonpareil view. With these common incidentors of polity chemiseing this newsprint looks into the Malayan context with special impel to the various causes involved for reckon transformation during the social interactions. Data for the present stem were calm from the Tamil speaking infragrad students of the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Their interaction in different set domains involving three dustups namelyTamil, Malay and face were looked into. Gumperz (1982) while discussing the communicative function of commandment replacement, claims that the talker plays upon the connection of the we-code to compel informal put. Thus code throw offing is seen as fulfilling the relational and denoteential functions of language that amounts to utile communication and interlingual unity. Apart from this function of code switching ,this paper could identifies several some new(prenominal) dry lands for code switching in the situations under study.Communicative functions and Reasons for formulaswitching Malaysian Perspective .Code switching is an passing(a) reality in every fleck whither more than genius language is spoken in everyday communications. Many scholars have studied extensively about the patterns of code switching and the reasons for code switching. The present paper discusses the communicative functions of code switching and also the sociolinguistic, cultural and pedagogic reasons for code switching in the Malaysian context. Data for the pr esent study were placid from Tamil speaking University students who have enrolled as undergraduate students in the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.The data were collected from these students while they were interacting in different domains viz. classroom, university campus, family, market, neighborhood etc. In whole these domains they have to interact with Malay and Chinese verbalisers apart from as well as with separate Tamil vocalisers. It is ob deal outd that all the students from whom the data were collected are fitted to a received extent in Tamil, Malay and position.Communicative Functions of CodeswitchingGumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the give back-and-take function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function of language. A vocalizer plays upon the con nonation of the we-code to create a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential function of language that amou nts to effective communication and interlingual unity.Halliday (1975) on the other hand, views code switching as fulfilling the interpersonal function of communication. Here the fluxed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In other legers, it is the use of language to act as a mediator betwixt self and participants in the communicative event.In fulfilling the relational and referential functions, code switching is seen as the medium to introduce deuce social and linguistic hearts. Gumperz (pg. 144, 1982) lists suits of situations created to convey centre as given belowto court to the literateto appeal to the illiterateto convey precise meaningto ease communication, i.e., utilizing the unforesightfulest and the easiest despatch to negotiate with greater authorityto attach attention, i.e. stylistic, emphatic, emotionalto evince a mensesto communicate more effectivelyto distinguish with a particular radicalto determination the status sallyto establish thanks giving and supportKaren Kow (2003) listed in her article a few possible conditions for code switching. whatever of the conditions given are, lack of unrivalled develop in either language any(prenominal) activities have besides been experienced in one of the languages Some conceits are easier to tell in one of the languagesA mistaking has to be clarified hotshot wishes to create a certain communication effect iodin continues to speak the language modish utilise because of the trigger effect One wants to make a primeOne wishes to contain group solidarityOne wishes to excerpt another person from the dialogue.Kow suggests that from the list above, it may be possible to predict which conditions act on a particular sociolinguistic context for codeswitching, for example, when a person who lacks a word in English due(p) to limited vocabulary code switches by using the lexical component from his/her low gear language instead of English. in that respectfore, the function here is to overcome the language barrier to meaning-making. another(prenominal) example is a condition where the vocalizer, int ceaseing to express group solidarity, employs code switching. The function for the switch in this grammatical case is to establish goodwill and rapport. interchangeablely series of conditions brook be established for the phenomenon of code switching dep stop overing on the social context.Such communicative functions of codeswitching can also be listed according to the functions that they pronounce to accomplish. Among these, the following ten functions have been depict in the professional literature (Malik, 1994) lose of FacilityLack of Registerliquid body substance of the SpeakerTo emphasize a caput wonted(prenominal) Experiencesemantic momentTo show identity with a groupTo shout out a different earshotPragmatic reasonsTo attract attention.1. Lack of preparation According to Malik (1994), bilinguals or multilinguals oftentimes explain that they code switch when they cannot invite an enchant expression or vocabulary circumstance or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word mandatory to carry on the conversation smoothly. He offers the example of Charan Sparsh (touching feet) that does not convey the alike meaning in the speakers code as it does in Hindi. The reason for switching may however be culturally conditioned and David (2003) notes that an alien concept often has a speaker switch to the language from which the concept is borrowed. For example, like the lexical item social toper in English that is unacceptable in a Malay situation because of the simple fact that drinking alcohol is prohibited in Islam and the Malay-Muslim world does not have a word for it that is equivalent to its meaning in English. Hence, the phrase social drinker is directly borrowed and used as an instance of phrase level mixing as in the following exampleSaya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drink er I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker2. Lack of narration When speakers are not equally effective in two languages and when the speakers do not know the wrong in two languages, past codeswitching occurs. For example, college students often code switch by moving from Hindi to English. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, attorneys, engineers while they interact among themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Hindi or in any other language other than English may not be on hand(predicate) to them. As a result, they utilise the English terminology that they are acquainted(predicate) with. Thus, one can identify a great deal of lexical code mixing.As David (2003) notes, it is vital for a lawcourt pose in Malaysia that a ad hoc terminology be used to refer correctly to an object or a character. The use of the fine terminology or vocabulary is important in this setting when the terminology plays an important role and has the dominance to make a major shock on life and death, freedom or imprisonment. Therefore, whichever the code is that enables the speaker to get his/her exact meaning across will be the one that is acceptable to the interactants including one where language mixing occurs. The following example cited by David is to the evenUjian alcohol telah dijalankan iaitu snorkel breather analyser test. The alcohol test was conducted, i.e., a breath analyzer testThe term breath analyzer is in English rather than in the matrix language, Bahasa Malaysia, simply because of its context-bound significance.3. Mood of the speaker Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the justifiedly state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages (X and Y) but the language Y ma y be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such pot may create a burial vault in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated.4. To emphasize a point Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. She has taken an example from English/German code switching and latent hostilityed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more propel to the statement. Meanwhile, David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to show how a defending lawyer uses dominant Bahasa Malaysia to scram with and shifts to English to emphasize an important point to the resolve that the accused had not attached any crime for 10 years.Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap padenosine deaminase tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has be en a 10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga, mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf. Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986..since then OKT has married and has held a steady job5. Habitual experience Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of recognise and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the amaze gives short commands to their children in English, such as bustt do that. and the rest of the mothers warning will be in Spanish.David (2003), in turn, cites an example of customary blend discourse in a Malaysian courtroom where the dominant or matrix language is Bahasa MalaysiaKes merupakan arrest case atau kes saman?Is this an arrest case or a summons case?6. Semantic significance Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez ( 1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative imagination that builds on participants intuition of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speakers attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a incision for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information.By the identical token, David (2003) describes a retch of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations. It is not only the lawyer who code switches, but also the judge. The example below shows how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the content language and the official language at Malaysian courts, to English as a face saving gestureKenapa kamu t ak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG male child dan dah tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan, saya maksudkan Why have ont you agree Bg Boy responded to the depression call and surely Dos asked where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean.7. To show identity with a group Di Pietro (1977) reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the akin minority group, with shared values and experiences (cited in Malik, 1994).8. To address a different interview Malik (1994) states that code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address race advent from various linguistic backgrounds. For example, in India the goggle box announcer often uses Hindi as it is the subject language but also switches to English. Also, he often repeats the same in English for South Indians or Indian people who do not know Hindi.Similar types of situations have also been reported in some other settings. Linguistic wages often takes place even in courts, according to David (2003) where counsels tend to speak to a number of different interlocutors at the same time. During such occasions obviously they mix codes or switch codes accordint to the ethnicity of the addressee. One reason for such use of mixed languages is to address simultaneously persons from different linguistic backgrounds. Also, the speaker actualizely distinguishes whom he/she addresses and what should be communicated. Hence, the speaker uses part of the sentence in one language and the other part in another language. In the example below the lawyer used a mixed discourse of English/Malay, and the part of his voice in English is directed to the judge and the other in Malay is meant for the witness.Objection, ada dua fakta di sini.The facts of the chart winding-sheet are clear it is a clear indicati on of misinformation. mana satu nak jawab? Objection, in that respect are two facts here. The facts of the chart sheet are clear its a clear indication of misinformation. Which one do you want to answer?The code switch is important as the judgment is leechlike on the argument of the lawyer