Dosing of cephalosporines in renal failure pateints Research Proposal

Dosing of cephalosporines in renal unsuccessful person pateints - Research Proposal ExampleAim- To understand the dosing of Cephalosporin in Renal failure patients. Method and radiation diagram Physical examination- should be performed for edema, ascites, dehydration. Measurement of proboscis weight and height is performed. In obese patients the ideal body weight should be calculated and dose of drug should be planned consequently. Renal mapping- Estimation of creatine clearance (the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine in a unit time). Elimination of drugs is instantly proportional to GFR (drugs excreted by kidneys). The Cockroft- Gault equation to estimate Clcr for age between 40- 80 years. Clcr (mL/min) = (140-age)x weight in kgs / 72 x serum creatinine (in mg/ dL) x (0.85 for women). Assessment of GFR from serum creatinine level presumes the stability of renal function and also formulate that serum creatinine measurement is constant. If there is alteration i n renal function, the creatinine level does non indicate the true clearance. In case of oliguria, Clcr is approximated as 10mL/min. In cases with acute renal failure, the non-renal clearance of medicines diminishes by means of time window of renal failure. In the initial course of the therapy, personalized pharmacokinetic dose for patients with strict renal impairment is vital.

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Interview - Essay ExampleI also learned that teachers thunder mug make use of a great variety of tools in order to communicate. The methods available have naturally changed over the years with advances in technology. I learned though that despite these rapid changes the basis of didactics remains the same, and that is to clearly communicate in a way that can be understood by a diverse group of people. For students who do not have English as a runner language it can be even harder. This is where extra effort is required on the part of the teacher, who should not place the same expectations on those students because of their lack of ability.I benefitted greatly from meeting with an expert because I was truly able to do more than just scratch the surface and find the answer to questions that have ever so puzzled me. I am not sure that the tenet field will be my elect career path, except it was still very interesting to get some quality time enquire in-depth questions with an ex pert. The greatest benefit that I took from this interview was that learn is not something that I should get myself into unless I am able to put my full heart and soul into it. If I just go along with the motions for a while then it wont be enough and my career would suffer as a result. raze though this might appear to be simple enough or common sense it was very really good to hear about some real life experience and what can go wrong if the right attitude is not present.The surprising thing that I learned from this assignment is that the teaching field is far more competitive than I ever thought. I had always assumed that with a strong need for teachers there would be plenty to go around. In actual fact the teaching profession requires a lot of dedication and hard work. The pay is relatively low compared to other jobs of importance, but really the teaching field has the most potential of all because it will equip the students of today to die the leaders of tomorrow. Having a

Discussion unit 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion unit 2 - Assignment ExampleTherefore, giving them a new pair of shoes will be handle a miracle to them. When a person receives a present that he was not expecting, it is magical and unique. In the cause of children walking b ar footed in Africa, they are facilitated by the attach to and made to experience the peach tree of putting on shoes when they know they cannot even afford the shoes. Such approaches show the power of miracle or fate as explained in the society. The support of the underprivileged in the society is vital because it makes the world a better place for everyone. The support of such programs as one for one shoe program of the company should be the ultimate goal for the members of the society.In addition, several privileges are not enjoyed by the less favored in the society. In fact, the main goal of the society is to offer support for the less fortunate. There are several people who will assist me in the writing process, and the most integral person is my reason out friend. He has been of immense help when handling the issues of writing. In addition, I intend to address look at Richard Branson of Virgin Atlantic as an inspirational

Authentic Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Authentic Assessment - Essay ExampleThe concepts of organizing, planning, leading, staffing, and controlling should be taken in earnest by the supervisor. Supervisors act as intermediaries by communicating upper managements objectives so as to realize the set goals. Supervisors facilitate the processes so as to keep the business operating. Based on the functions of the supervisors as well as their major roles, it is good for them to remain a key in steering fore the organization. The decisions made by supervisors on day to day activities affect attitudes and morale of employees as well as profits (Mosley et al, 2010). In the case of this supervisory maturement plan, the approaches of improving organizational performance through employee development willing be reviewed. Developmental goals The goals of the supervisory development plan will be as follows. a. approach of dialogue between employees b. Better training for employees c. Develop a reward system for employees d. Efficie nt bout management As a supervisor I have to ensure that my employees are well intimate with skills and knowledge required for undertaking their roles. One of the main goals is to establish good communication with the employees. Good communication is essential in running efficient department. Without good communication, daily tasks will not be penalise smoothly. Communication enhances efficiency in employee performance by minimizing workplace conflicts. It is essential for the supervisor to be a good listener and teach the employees how to be good listeners of one another. Good communication facilitates problem-solving and teamwork, which is essential for progression of organizational objectives. Another key goal is ensuring better training of employees. This is essential for ensuring efficiency and increasing productivity. thoroughly trained employees will be efficient in executing his or her duties. With proper employee training, issues of time wastage and flaws in business operations will be addressed. From another perspective, the supervisory plan seeks to come up with a better reward system for employees. Employees need to be motivated by offering them regular rewards found on their performance. Rewarding employees serves as motivation, uplifts their esteem and acts as appreciation for their hard work. It is also a immemorial goal for the development plan to ensure effectiveness in conflict resolution. It is my focus that all departments are run well and as smoothly as possible without conflicts. This will be attained by ensuring good communication, proper training, motivation, and building trust with employees. Since best development plans are not always perfect, critiquing will be welcome to ensure constant review of the goals and adjust them accordingly for the benefit of all (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe, 2006). mental process gaps In order to improve employee performance, proper communication and training will be adopted. Employees will be taugh t on the fundamentals of good communication with one another as well as with their managers. in that respect is a great performance gap in good employee performance. This entails the creation of a shared stack with all employees. There is need to communicate effectively with employees on the objectives of the organization and how to executive their roles. By creating a shared vision, the employees will be inspired

The Philosophy of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Philosophy of Crime - Essay ExampleIt is committed because the scene has led to think that the act is just and proper for the conclusion of a movement and silent event saturation in the irreversible process of mental, religious, and lawful check and balance. In the parameters of readers influence, thrillers and killer novels have a lot of drawbacks in the creation of ways and means and a network of scenes for fun and diversion. It is a reliable view to a kill for its sentiments and results were made through intensive imagination and research, what they are going to do is just to purpose on with the act and experience the fun and the rush. This paper will discuss first the factors that lead to the tutelage of the act to be able to understand more the reason for such environment and doer solidarity in a in truth abnormal nation of philosophy and psychology.Approximations of rage. Rage so we say emotes intense temper experience through disappointments and failures that one loses grip of reality and norms of reasoning that results to uncontrollable expression through savage reactions. Rage is the consummate disguise for the commission of evil where a person relates the act to justified concurrence of evasively powerful reasoning. The variations of his adrenaline rush give him the feeling of great physical strength at accelerated brain processing information. Entering an intense state of focus in a dilated state to the source of their anger caused by a long term stress, a person can very well lose sight of what is proper and tend to move to act of what is justifiable at the second gear of solitude and indecisiveness. This is the only emotion when a person can do almost everything to satiate grievances and descend ups that allow unwilled activity and unwisely impulsive behavior. Most of the crimes that happens were from the paraphernalia of adrenaline rush and unplanned activity of rage level. Rage often lead people to impossible acts like its sole lov eseat love where people do more than what is possible to omit loss and save lives or relationships. An oz. of love suppresses an ounce of rage as I may take it from the previous statement. So maybe a prevention of rage could be a medication of love where the un pass judgment could be accepted and the unloved could be love. Environmental adaptation. Somehow our environment and high technology updates qualify the commission of crime to omission of incidental resources on selective war games software programming. Rather than finding ways to kill computer rage that destroys millions of children brain and school performance, software developers are just finding low constitute economical means of taking out frustrations in computers. Psychologically determined damaging movies and thrillers must not be shown to children and the youth of today who are easily impress on a lot of things early(a) than bargaining to obtain the rush of what was portrayed or hoping to do their own original ac t at their own original setting which resulted to actual mass murders in schools and at home. Unwise manifestations of parents and adult in their expressions of anger and personal squabbles witnessed by children may prove vital to the reenactment in their future lives as the argument to rage was passed down. Environment and people has a lot to do with the development of frustrations and rage. Crime is not perfect in

Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Questionnaire - Essay Example every(prenominal) fully engaged employees have a deep rooted bond with the organization and they develop feelings of loyalty, control, want and empowerment at work. Such personnel are able to identify vital business opportunities mandatory for growth and have the willpower of committing value added personal and emotional energies mandatory for excelling in the professional biography (Sanders, 2012). For the organization, employee engagement is a crucial element as it enhances its efficiency which increases the customer satisfaction, lowers the employee turnover and boosts the productivity prescribe (ADP Research Institute, 2012).The questionnaire is designed to get your viewpoint to the highest degree the organizations working conditions. You are mandatory to give honest, true and fair opinion about the following statements. In front of each statement, appoint the box which is an indication of your opinion related to the statement.The main purpose o f all of these questions is to get an insight about the employees feeling about the work and value within the organization. With the help of this questionnaire, the company will be able to determine the effectiveness of employee engagement within the business and monitor the results over a extent of time.ADP Research Institute. (2012). Employee satisfaction vs. Employee engagement Are they the same thing? Retrieved February 24, 2014 from

Nationally Known Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nationally Known Leader - Essay pillowcaseObamas charisma moved and continues to move the American fiat. Employing his charisma, he has successfully drawn the interest of the Americans. His turn to his country is development-oriented through reforming sectors that lag behind or pull the society behind. With his charisma, he has made it attainable to influence American masses and garner their trust in his leadership. This does not mean that Obama faces no challenges in his line of work. However, the manner in which he addresses emerging leadership challenges is all-important(a) in his leadership pursuits. The crowd out and emergency function can also apply Obamas charismatic traits in the line of duty. This relates to reforming and dynamically improving services as social and frugal contexts in the environment these services atomic number 18 offered changes (Chappelow 151). personal magnetism is basically an influential trait. The ability to move masses is crucial in pushing for reforms and improvement of services in the fire and emergency services. It is important to highlight that fire and emergency services can be predetermined, but they cannot be certainly states as to when they will take place. In this context, pushing for a crucial action that is based on uncertainty becomes a challenge. However, charismatic traits can necessaryly account for this challenge. organism societal oriented is a crucial trait that many world renowned leaders portray. Obama fits in this trait within the American context. His leadership style has depicted that every single person is essential and equally contribute towards the country when empowered. Obama focus his pursuits to the entire American society, both poor and rich. His concern for the society promotes equality, with reduced gaps between the poor and the rich. In the fire and emergency services, disasters atomic number 18 uncertain and they can come to pass any given individual. This critical part of society should ensure service to the entire society, regardless of their social, economic or political orientation. There are often cases of delayed services to certain locales, while others are responded to when an alarm is mistakenly raised, even without an emergency. A result oriented leader works on goals and objectives facility to hit to realize desired outcomes (Vicere 26-33). President Obama is a result-oriented leader. He operates on strategic planning and processes that are designed to achieve the desired results. The fire and emergency services can also employ these peculiar(prenominal) or trait. Fire and emergency responses have results to achieve, with the primary concern being to prevent damage to situation and life. Operating on a result- oriented pursuit will ensure that there are milestones to achieve and check against the final outcome that constitutes the result desired. Socially interactive leaders centrally establish utilitarian relationships with the people they lead. Social relations are critical to account for leadership, meaning that a leader must(prenominal) be equipped with socialization aspect so that the people and the leader can both collaborate, or else than the people feeling bossed around. The power and authority bestowed to the leader by the people must be match in such a way that best suits both parties. In the Obamas context, his social ties with the people make them feel that they bestowed power and

Microsoft Company Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Microsoft go with Analysis - Assignment ExampleThe Company also designs and sells hardware, and delivers online advertising to the customers. The Company operates in five segments Windows & Windows digest Division (Windows Division), Server and Tools, Online Services Division (OSD), Microsoft Business Division (MBD), and Entertainment and Devices Division (EDD). The Companys products include operating systems for personal computers (PCs), servers, phones, and some other intelligent devices server applications for distributed computing environments productivity applications business resolvent applications desktop and server management tools software development tools video games, and online advertising. It also designs and sells hardware, including the Xbox 360 gaming and entertainment console, Kinect for Xbox 360, Xbox 360 accessories, and Microsoft PC hardware products. In July 2012, the Company purchased Edgewater Fullscopes Process Industries 2 (PI2) software and intellectual property. In July 2012, Comcast Corp. acquired the Companys 50% back up in MSNBC.com. In October 2012, it acquired PhoneFactor Inc. On July 18, 2012, it acquired Yammer, Inc. (Reuters). Another key acquisition made in 2011 is Skype, Ciao, and Videosurf. On the other hand, apart from these, the company is also very active in the emerging spoil computing business, with cloud-based software and services being the core components of the cloud solution. Usage payments together with advertising are the key sources of revenues for its cloud business. These cloud offerings include Bing, Xbox Live, Windows Live, Microsoft Office 365, Microsoft Dynamics CRM, and Azure. These services are offered either individually or as part of solution suites. In all the company is present in more than 100 countries and basically has a planet-wide business, in concert with its key competitors.

Free Trade and Fair Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free mass and Fair Trade - Research Paper Exampleng dish out and therefore facilitating sparing growth and development while fair spate suggests at empowering the disadvantaged groups and destiny them to improve their living standards. The two concepts also differ in the individuals that they benefit because while free share benefits established traders in the global market much(prenominal) as multinational corporations, fair trade benefits marginalized economic players, especially in less developed countries. The scope of the two concepts also identifies antagonizing effects. While liberalization such as lowering of tariffs and elimination of trade barriers characterize free trade, fair trade identifies restrictions that may aim at restricting entry of more efficient prayers in a given market separate (Fair Trade Resource 1).Free trade identifies eliminated regulations and restriction in a market with the aim of promoting trade and economic activities while fair trade invol ves establishment of restrictions and regulations with the aim of protecting a marginalized group in a market.Fair Trade Resource. How does fair trade differ from free trade? Free Trade Resource. N.d. Web. February 4, 2014.

History of Geothermal energy and its effects on environment Essay

History of geothermic energy and its effects on environment - Essay ExampleIt has been observed that biological environment is also affected largely by the abovementioned factors due to the geothermal energy. Moreover, socio-economic effects of the geothermal energy have also been observed by the experts. In Iceland, development of geothermal resources was considered for a study by the launching of an enforcement program in the socio-economic class 1995. Geothermal plants in Iceland were studied, in order to understand the impact of high-heat fields of geothermal energy in the country. Since the year 1997, a number of projects are under way according to the regulations of Geothermal Implement Agreement by the International Energy Association.Historically, R&D programs of various governments have included geothermal energy as one of the renewable sources of energy along with the options of solar, biomass, wind, etc. One of the major characteristics that have been studied and frame by the experts since years is its low emissions of greenhouse gases that make it one of the environmental friendly sources of energy. However, certain limits gutter be observed in the friendly nature of geothermal energy, as an entire industry could be discredited due to any attempts of obscuring production of this energy. The Bruntland Commission was the first one to derive the proper sustainability of geothermal environment in terms of the environment. According to this commission, production levels of geothermal energy can be continue for a long period by the production systems of this source of energy. 1 Due to such high-octane sustainability of geothermal energy, economic goals and objectives are also being considered by the investors due to its capability of quick payback. such energy has also been considered for the production of various equipments, which are providing huge revenues to the investors. One of the most significant examples is the geysers, which is providing abundant profits to the investors with the utilization of geothermal energy resource. 2Since

A Jury of Her Peers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Jury of Her Peers - Essay ExampleThroughout the story, Glaspell clearly depicts how men in those times regarded women as remarks duncish with chauvinist undertones are exchanged between the male characters. For instance, while conducting the investigation in the Wrights abode, the county attorney asked Mrs. Peters, the sheriffs wife, to confine an eye for anything that maybe helpful in revealing the real motive for Mr. Wrights brutal murder. To this, Mr. Hale speedily asserts, would the women know a clue if they did, come upon itAnother example is when the three men overheard Mrs. Hales query rough the quilt, an important evidence missed by the men that would ultimately uncover Mrs. Wrights motive. Mrs. Hale asks, Do you call up she was going to quilt it or however knot it Upon hearing this, the sheriff threw up his hands in suspense then remarks, They wonder whether she was going to quilt it or just knot it and, There was a express feelings for the ways of women.In light o f the chauvinist banter, it becomes evident how the men devotely mock the women. These points intend to open the eyes of readers to the reality as to how the confederation perceives womens ways and undertakings. There is an implication that the society highly set only the activities engaged in by men like their work s. On the other hand, womens activities such as the household chores are given minimal economic significance. These go to show how the chauvinist society distinguishes women matters as trivial, thus, of relatively less importance as compared to men matters. People, even women themselves, fail to realize that women, just like the men, possess the ability and power to contribute to a cause, although in a different manner. As illustrated in Glaspells story, it is actually Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, being the way they are, who solved the mystery unbeknownst to the men. With their sensitivity to details and common distressing experiences, they have shed light to Mrs. Wri ghts real motive for taking her husbands life.Social Pressures on WomenBased on Mrs. Hales recollection, Mrs. Wright, the once vivacious lad used to wear pretty clothes and be lively-when she was Minnie Foster. When this description is juxtaposed with Mr. Hales image of Mrs. Wright pleatin at her apron, the readers are given the idea on the great change undergone from Minnie Foster, the pretty lady who gleefully sings in the choir down to Mrs. Wright, the lifeless woman who suffered oftentimes from her husbands masculine oppression. All it takes is marriage to an oppressive man. It is then revealed that Mrs. Wright murders her husband for killing the bird, her only source of consent that serves as her constant reminder of what her life used to be.Such scenario depicts how the society imposed social pressures on women, especially those who are married. Married women, as if placed in uniform boxes, are packaged by the patriarchal society as obedient wives who readily do their husba nds every bidding. In fulfilling their domestic roles, what becomes rudimentary is that they tend to their families needs primarily. In a way, these result in women developing an ambiguous self-image, which as Mrs. Peters describes, as if

Global Navigation Satellite System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Navigation artificial satellite System - Essay ExampleThe present working GNS system is the Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by USA. The use of GPS is principally for military purposes and agreeled by the military. Europe is going to launch its own GNSS under the call down of Galileo. Galileo is Europes first GNSS which is intended to be used by various civil sectors such as transport, companionable service, judicial system, public works, rescue teams, etc. Galileo is set to be full operational by 2008.The fully deployed system consists of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares), lineed in tether circular Medium acres sector (MEO) planes in 23616 km altitude above the earth, and at an inclination of the orbital planes of 56 degrees with name to the equatorial plane (ESA, 2005). As a large number of satellites are working together with three active spares, therefore the dysfunction of one of the satellites does not have much effect on the boilersuit functioning of the system.Each satellite of a GNSS is submitd with an atomic clock which measures clipping very accurately. The satellites continuously dismiss signals simultaneously indicating the time of leaving of the signals from the satellite. A receiver on the surface of the earth has the exact flesh out of the orbits of all the satellites in its memory. By reading the incoming signal it can thus recognise the bad-tempered satellite, determine the time taken by the signal to arrive and calculate the distance from the satellite (EUROPA, 2006). The solid ground receiver receives the signals from about four contrasting satellites simultaneously. Once it does so it can calculate the exact position of itself. The control of the satellites and performance of navigation management is carried out by Ground Control Centres (GCC) located at different places on the earth. The control centres contact with the satellites through Up-link stations and carry out the operations such as time synchronisation.Development The first experimental satellite, part of the so called Galileo System Test Bed (GSTB) will be launched in the s semester of 2005 (ESA, 2005). This satellite is intended to test the technologies still under increase. Then in the second stage about four operational satellites are scheduled to be launched in 2006 for In Orbit Validation (IOV). After this the remaining satellites will be launched to make it fully operational in 2008.UsesGNSS has to provide four basic services as follows.Position, Velocity and Time Service (PVT)Accuracy and Integrating go (AI)Ranging and Timing Services (RT)High Integrity Services (HI)PoliticsThere is an opposition to the European Galileo GNSS mainly from GPS who want to be the sole satellite navigation system. The US is continuously making some announcements regarding GPS in order to derail Galileo. These sorts of announcements, however, do not have any effective impact on the development of Galileo. The objections f rom US side are that Galileo will be purely used for civil navigation without the control of military over it. Instead of this opposition from the US, development of Galileo will surely go ahead. This is a galactic step forward because it is for the benefit and welfare of the common people. It will directly benefit various sectors of the familiarity and indirectly almost whole

International Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

internationalistic Marketing - Case Study ExampleToday instead of the traditional approach of maximizing the profits, organizations go in front with multiple objectives, monetary as swell as non-monetary. There are short-term objectives as well as long-term ones. Strategists are supposed to prioritize all such objectives, so that there is limpidity and ease of decision making in situations where there is an apparent clash of objectives. Here well analyse Vodafone, its strengths, comparative degree advantages, its weaknesses and some of the opportunities that it can capitalize on in the Turkish telecom market. Vodafone has acquired competitive advantage all over its rivals on account of its marketing efforts, brand building, value creation, innovation, operational efficiencies etc. Today Vodafone is one of the worlds star(p) international mobile telecommunications group having an equity base in 27 countries across 5 continents, 186.8 gazillion proportionate customers and 33 part ner networks (Vodafone, 2006). Companys vision statement1 says, the company aspires to be the worlds mobile communications leader, enriching customers lives and helping individuals, businesses and communities to be more connected in a mobile world. With this vision company plans to invest in Turkey.The feller or PESTEL analysis is a useful tool for any industry or b... The analysis in general comprises ofPolitical factorsEconomic factorsSocio-cultural factorsTechnological factorsEnvironmental FactorsLegal FactorsAll these factors befuddle unalike relevance for different types of industries and businesses.Political The modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by the legendary Mustafa Kemal, better known as Ataturk or father of the Turks. The democratic tradition of modern Turkey has faced quite a a few(prenominal) challenges with periods of instability. In the recent past Turkey has also been criticized for its human rights record. Amnesty International accused the Turkish government in November 2001 of systematically and regularly torturing its citizens. Corruption remains one of the key challenges for Turkey. later the parliamentary elections held in November 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a moderate Islamist group, won a resonating majority. This caused some worry amongst the proponents of Turkeys reforms program, as AKP is known to position itself as a champion of Turkeys beleaguered impoverished majority, and is consequently potentially vulnerable to damaging economical populism (Datamonitor, 2006). further so far all such apprehensions have been put to rest with the continuance of the economic reforms, a necessity for favorable investment climate in the country. Turkey has been successfully able to overcome the banking and currency crisis of 2000-2001Economic Turkish economy was in factual bad shape during the 1990s, with growth rates of about 3% only. The 2000-01 banking and currency crisis further crippled the economy. Bu t with some active support from IMF, the economy has been able to stage a turnaround. Owing to successful economic and structural reforms, CAGR of the Turkish economy over 2000-2005

City states Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

City states - Research Paper ExampleMost assuredly, a city-state enjoys unconditional sovereignty, regulating its own taxes, has its own budget, and represents itself independently at the United Nations. However, the level of governance varies from one city-state to another.The ancient Greece had various city-states that were sovereign. new(prenominal) ancient city-states include Athens, Thebes, Corinth, Megara, Argos, and Sparta (Martin Web). Currently, the numbers of sovereign city-states is low and include Vatican City, Monaco, and Singapore. Indeed, Singapore was initially a section of the federal kingdom of Malaysia. However, it is now sovereign. Assuredly, Vatican City doubles as a city-state and the smallest country in the humanity since 1929. It entails the central city of Rome that equally serves as the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. Its president is the pontiff (Parker 52-58). On the other hand, the boundary of Monaco doubles as the boundary of the city-sta te. Nevertheless, we have other city-states that are not sovereign. For example, Germany has three city-states that include Bremen, Berlin, and Hamburg (Parker 132-136). A mayor heads the three city-states. In addition, Austria has a federal state named, Vienna. The British colony of Gibraltar is also another city-state in the United Kingdom. In Pakistan, we have a city-state called the colony ofGwadar City. Indeed, city-states drop-off under sovereign states, federally administered cities, cities that are component states of federations, and cities under international supervision like Danzig.It is a hard fete to claim a country. Indeed, there is no universal way of claiming a country. However, match to the provisions of Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, a state should have mandatary four qualifications (The Globe and Mail Web). These qualifications include a permanent population that defines a group

The Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Death - Essay ExampleAn epidemic, on the opposite hand is single wide fan out outbreak. Plague is transmitted from animals to humans by a particular resistant of fleas. It is transmitted from one person to another person by direct come through, or breathing droplets containing the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. It causes nifty suffering. Plague usually starts with a flea bite. The flea deposits Yersinia pestis bacterium in other animals. Y. pestis is transmitted from the flea bite site to lymph nodes that dandy (buboes). This type of plague is termed bubonic plague (Plague, 2011). The bacteria then enter the blood stream and partake other organs. Some patients inhale or swallow droplets that contain Y. pestis infecting the lungs. This is termed as pulmonic plague. Death is received in 50 to 90 %cases. The black death of 1300s permit killed one deuce-ace of the population of Europe. thither were not enough people to bury the dead during that stopover. The decease pe rmeate very fast and no medicine were available at that time. Dr. Alexandre Yersin and Dr. Shibasaburo Kitasato made investigations about the disease in 1894. Dr. Paul-Louis Simond, in 1898, discovered that the vector of the disease was a flea (Plague, 2011). For centuries, the plague bacterium was used as a biological weapon. Even now, it is a biological weapon. It can be easily sprayed into the atmosphere and would be inhaled by unprotected persons. Although many countries have banned biological weapons like this, it has potential to be exploited. The plague which reached in England in the summer months of 1938 mutated into pneumonic form in winter and spread to London in September. By 1349, it spread to Wales and other areas. Churchyards were modify with bodies. Few villages however, escaped from this pandemic. The stinting took advantage of the situation by raiding Durham in 1349 (Ibeji, 2011). The Scots believed that the English were overwhelmed by vengeance of god. Within a short span of time 5000 of them died. The rest became faltering and they retreated. The plague spread to Scotland too. The reason why it spread to Scotland is not clear. That is, whether it was a natural phenomenon or because of contact with the English people during the raid. It is possible that the retreating army might have carried the plague back home. In Scotland, there was great mortality due to plague. It affects the skin and swelling erupts. Children were afraid to visit parents. Life was terrible during the period of plague. The parents were also afraid to visit children. People fled to other regions. The plague created panic throughout England. The year 1349 was regarded as wretched, terrible and destructive by many. By 1350, whole England was infected with plague and two and a fractional million people were dead. The plague continued in London throughout the winter and spring. It did not spread evenly. Even though it arrived in Bristol and Dorset, it did not spread to rural Devon that year. The disease also did not spread to St Albans Abbey until April 1349. London was affected by the combined attack of pneumonic and bubonic plague. The British parliament was prorogued in January 1349. Three Archbishops of Canterbury and Two ex-Chancellors died. The plague continued in London until the 1350. I has killed over one trey of the population. Persons infected with plague usually died in five days. On the first day, there was painful swelling, called buboes appear on the armpit and groin. It had the size of an egg. On day two, the victim developed fever and vomited. On third day,

Medical Translation Essay Example for Free

Medical Translation EssayIntroduction The medical checkup equipment casualty to be translated be selected from three obliges. Two articles deal with the posttraumatic stress pain, a kind of affable malady and the other article is about the resistant response in transplantation. Medical calls differ from that in periodic use, and the equivalent name fundament have different meanings within various contexts. In addition, many medical bourninal figures have roots and affixes which be mostly borrowed from Grecian and Latin language, and as a result an psychoanalysis of the roots, prefixes and suffixes is necessary in order to translate the experimental conditions acutely and succinctly. Some stipulations move be transliterated into Chinese language while some need to be paraphrased into Chinese according to the context. The translation of medical bourns should not only be accurate, but should also be concise, easy to understand and keep down being ambiguous. cl ause One Blockade of Lymphocyte Chemotaxis in Visceral transpose-versus-Host Disease 1. Graft-versus-host Disease Graft subject matter any transplanted or implanted organ or tissue in English, in Chinese language, graft preempt be translated as . The enclosure versus in English operator the situation in which two sides are over against each other.In Chinese language, the term refers to , but the term is usually utilize in military area and it is not concise for the translation of versus in medical field. Comparatively, the term ? in Chinese is more suitcapable for the translation of versus as it is concise and it john reflect the condition in which one part is resistant toward another. Host elbow room the trunk which accepts the transplantation. In Chinese, the reference point meat the trunk on which another animal or plant lives (cf. Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese dictionary854).In medical field, can be referred to the body to which the organ or tiss ue is attached. T here(predicate)fore, the disease Graft-versus-host can be translated as , a disease in which the transplanted organ is antagonistic towards the body which accepts the implantation and it can guide on to the destruction of the host body. 2. Antigen-presenting cells The prefix anti style being against and antagonistic. The suffix gen refers to that which generate. Therefore, the term antigen can be literally translated as , a kind of substance that can generate immune response.Presenting refers to clinging to a cell surface for detection of other molecules. In biological process, the antigen-presenting cell can process the antigen cells by taking and presenting them to the lymphocyte cells. In Chinese language, the term refers to recognizing and detecting specific substance and the term means taking and bringing. Consequently, the term antigen-presenting cell can be translated into in Chinese language. 3. Lymphocyte enlisting Lymphocyte is a kind of leukocy te cell and it is a return of lymphoid tissue, participating in immune activities.In Chinese language, the term lymphocyte is transliterated as , which refers to pertaining to the lymphocyte. The term recruitment refers to the gradual increase and in Chinese language, means a growth and proliferation in number. Therefore, the term can be translated as . 4. subsidiary Graft Losses Secondary generally refers to the second rank in dictionary, but in the context, the term means being derived from what is original and primary. The term secondary should be translated as which means pertaining to progressive.The terms losings means dysfunction and destruction of the transplanted graft and in the context, and it can be translated as in Chinese. Consequently, the term secondary graft losses translated into Chinese is . 5. Myeloproliferative discommode The root myelo refers to bone marrow and the term proliferative means rapid growth and increase. The term means an abnormal increa se of marrow. Thus myelo can be translated as in Chinese language. The term proliferative can be translated as which means abnormal increase and production.Disorder can be translated as ? which means abnormal condition of body. Therefore, the term myeloproliferative rowdyism can be translated as in Chinese language. 6. Antichemotactic effect The prefix anti means against and it can be translated as ? in Chinese language. The term chemotacxis refers to the orientation of a microorganism in response to chemical foreplay and it can be translated as in Chinese language which means the orientation of an object despicable toward or away from something. Effect means result of something and it can be interpreted as in Chinese. Thus the term can be translated as in Chinese language.Article Two Posttraumatic accent Disorder Diagnosis, History and Longitudinal Course 7. Shattered Cognitive Assumptions The word shattered means fatigue, cognitive refers to mental process includi ng thinking and learning and the word assumptions means subjective supposition. The term here refers to the disease with which the enduring subjectively cannot stop thinking and assuming something terrible is going to happen without real verification and actually everything is imaginary.Shattered here can be translated as , and cognitive can be interpreted as and assumptions can be translated as in which the character ? means subjective and imaginary and ? refers to thinking. The character ? means disease. Therefore, the term can be concisely interpreted as . 8. Fear condition The word fear means the shadeing that someone thinks he or she is in danger. The word instruct refers to a situation in which a stimulus originally unable of evoking a response becomes able to cause the response to lapse by linking it with another stimulus that does so.The term fear teach here in the context means in a particular neutral condition, the patient who supports posttraumatic stress d isorder feels worried and frightened by consistently linking the neutral condition to the unpleasant experience that causes the patient to feel feared. Fear here can be translated as , which means feeling in danger and condition can be interpreted as which refers to under a particular situation. Therefore, the term fear conditioning can be translated as .9. pass on Anxiety Diffuse means not specific or limited and in the context, diffuse anxiety refers to a kind of mental disease with which the patient experiences ungovernable worries and fear without definite reasons. It is a kind of anxiety that has no specific content or focus. Diffuse here can be translated as which means pervasive and not confined and anxiety can be interpreted as which refers to fear and worries. As a result, the term diffuse anxiety can be translated as . 10.Shell Shock The word shock refers to an emergency in which the tissues and organs of a body experience a lack of blood flow and oxygen, and it can lead to severe malign to the body. In the context, shell shock is a mental disease, and it often occurs in soldier who has been hurt by the explosion of cannonballs. Patients with the shell shock generally have presages like tremor, headache, difficulty in concentration. Shock can be transliterated as and shell can be literally translated as in Chinese language. The translation of shell shock should be .But the translation cannot reflect the nature of the disorder. As a result, the term which means the neurasthenia should be added to the translation. Therefore, the term shell shock should be translated as . 11. Operational Fatigue The term operational is pertaining to military and Fatigue literally refers to weariness. In the context, fatigue means mental tiredness and operational fatigue is a mental disorder with symptoms like irritability and tremor. The disorder mainly occurs in soldiers who are influenced by the cruelty of war both mentally and psychologically.F atigue can be translated as which means unbearable mental and psychological stress caused by war. Thus, the term operational fatigue can be translated as . 12. Startle Reaction The word startle means to frighten or alarm utterly and the word reaction refers to the response to a stimulus. In the context, the term startle reaction is a symptom of posttraumatic patients who behave and response vigilantly to neutral stimulus. The term can be translated as . 13. Sympathetic overreactivity The word sympathetic means showing sympathy and understanding.The term in the context means the symptom of patient who over concerns and understands other peoples feelings. Sympathetic can be translated as in Chinese language. Overreactivity refers to abnormal reaction and it can be translated as in Chinese language. The term, then can be concisely translated as . 14. Traumatic Neurosis Traumatic refers to serious injury to the human body. The term traumatic neurosis in the context means the s hadow exerted by traumatic injury to the human body both in psychology and mentality.The term traumatic can be translated as which means relating to strong-arm injury and neurosis can be interpreted as which means the psychological dysfunction and mental fatigue. The term can be translated as in Chinese language. 15. Psychological Numbing The term in the context refers to the aloof attitude of the patient towards the people and events around him or her. People with psychological benumb are frigid and show little concern or care about the outside world. The term is related to the patients psychological and emotional attitudes towards the society and psychological can be translated as .The word numbing can be interpreted as in Chinese language which means apathetic and callous. Therefore, the term can be translated as . 16. Delayed Referral Delayed means something happened latter than expected. Referral refers to the transfer of a patient from one clinician to another. In th e context, delayed means the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder which may occur latter than expected after the traumatic event. Delayed here can be translated as which means postponement and referral can be interpreted as . Therefore, Delayed Referral can then translated as .Article Three Neuroimaging and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 17. Extinction Recall The word extinction means something that is extinguished and disappeared and reelect refers to recollection. In the context, the term means the symptom of intrusive recollection of the terrible scenes experienced by the patients who suffer posttraumatic stress disorder. They develop hallucination in brain and experience the scene as if it were happening again. Therefore, the term can be translated as in Chinese language in which the word means again and again, and refers to experiencing and suffering.18. White Noise The word white means albus literally, but in the context, the word has another connation. in reali ty the word white in the article means the noise that can cover the disturbing hefty and it is beneficial to human body. Thus the term in the article can be translated as . The term means not being disturbing and refers to noise. 19. Flashback Intensity Flashback means a vivid and sudden and perennial memory of a past experience. In the context of the article, the term refers to a recurring and lively attribute of traumatic experience happened in the past.The intrusive memory is so lively that the patient who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder often recognizes the memory as something that is occurring in the real time. Therefore, the term flashback intensity can be translated as . The character means memory, the term refers to flashback and means intensity. 20. Concomitant Dissociative Responses Concomitant means existing at the same time and it can be translated as . The word dissociative refers to separate and it can be interpreted as . The word response means reaction and it can be concisely translated as .In the context, the term means reactions that coexist with posttraumatic stress disorder. As a result, the term can be translated as . Conclusion The medical terms are different from the terms used in daily life and it is characterized by its academic accuracy and conciseness. The translation of the medical terms should not only be a linguistic conversion between two languages, but also be a product in a specific context. English, as an international language, absorbed a large number of Greek and Latin roots and affixes. A good understanding of the roots and affixes is crucial in translating medical terms.By analyzing the literal meaning and the context, the terms can be translated by adopting the strategy of transliteration and paraphrasing. Bibliography Baidu Encyclopeida. http//www. baidu. com/ Collin Cobuild Learners Dictionary Concise Edition. 2001. HarperCollins Publishers. Homepage of The Free Dictionary by Farlex. http//www. thefreedictionary. com/ Hudong Encyclopedia. http//xinjiancitiao. hudong. com/ Haici Dictionary. http//dict. cn/ Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary 1988 2004. Oxford University Press The commercialised Press. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page.

Comparing and Contrasting Essay Example for Free

Comparing and tell apart EssayComparing and Contrasting The man with the twisted mouth with dependThere ar many similarities and resistences in both Front and Twisted lip, but the most apparent relation between the two stories is the property up appearances (or keeping discomfit appearances in the case of Twisted lip) theme, meaning they are about someone or something attempt to cover the truth or simply the truth isnt so obvious in the case of Front, the early(a) less prevailing similarities/differences will be analysed later on in the essay. The beginning of both stories differ quite strongly, Front begins with a narrator describing her experiences of seeing something that she would compare to as one of the seven wonders of the universe and there some definite references to soma Five streets down the comma after the word down brings emphasis towards it and sets the impression that the narrator feels (or later on in the novel, felt) that she is in a sense non worth y, or in awe with her surroundings, as the story shows that she is quite concerned about class, and the economic stand ups of her and her family as this will be pointed out later on in the essay, and becomes quite obvious when reading the story.The author also gives the reader the impression that this girl thinks very highly of this come to the fore, and although she imagines it to be so far in a higher place the town she feels she is not good enough, I wanted to be forced to leave, the writer portrays the girl to be intimidated by this site she is seeing as it reads that she did not mention the crescent to anyone afterwards as if I had been trespassing, and needed to conceal the fact with all of these displays of almost worshipfulness and the fact that she thought back on it with great nostalgia the impression the writer has given the crescent would be hard to top.In Twisted lip however, a character (although not a very substantial one) is introduced as the first word in the st ory, with a short background on his dead brother and how he died of an opium addiction. This being quite pinched at first is quite a cunning trick the writer has introduced here, as for the next hardly a(prenominal) paragraphs the reader thinks that this Isa Whitney is what the story is based on, the trick being the writer has made the story out to be something it is not, which is intentionally ironic as the story is based on a man trying to conceal the truth.A more close up view to Twisted sasss construction there a a couple of(prenominal) references to class, like dregs of the docks and a vile alley, these let the reader understand Dr. Watsons train of thought and how he considers himself to be, within the very thick walls separating class at this time. When Watson reaches the opium den he refers to it like it was a tomb, a glimpse of bodies lying and using words like lacklustre, the writer sets a very dark, dreary place and referring to the smoke as gloom.Soon after Isa makes his way to the cab Sherlock Holmes inevitably makes an appearance, after a brief introduction Isa and his troubles have left the picture and Watson and Holmes take the limelight of the story. This point is quite a major difference as it shows the authors different style of writing compared to Front, as Front has quite a few characters and even less are properly introduced with past family history, whereas Twisted Lip portrays a often larger world to the reader and even though Isa Whitney is key to the irony and depth of Twisted Lip the reader wont realize that until approaching the end of the story, this just shows how similar and quite different the two stories I am comparing are.When the introduction in Twisted Lip is over and the complication of the story begins to unfold, it seems like another introduction to the actual story (or so it seems) and the previous little fiasco (that to an fiery eye could seem like the baseline of a story) was almost completely irrelevant to the c omplication of the primary(prenominal) plot. This brings the reader to Watson and Holmes sitting in a cab heading to the home of the missing Neville St. Clair and as they trip up Holmes tells Watson the story so far.Sherlock Holmes narrative lasts about fourteen paragraphs long, and describes the events passing and it becomes quite obvious that Holmes has been working(a) on this case for some time. Holmes tells Watson what sounds like a murder inquiry and starts to explain the life of a successful man with a lot of property in the bank, no savvy there-fore, to think that cash troubles have been weighing upon his mind which facilitates the irony of Twisted Lip as it says later in the report that the beggar that actually is Neville St. Boone put all his coins from begging that day into his coat to weigh it down. Another atomic number 82 is when Holmes mentions the cripple looking a powerful and well nurtured man.The writer is obviously dropping these clues for a reason and an intelligent reader may pick up on these tell tale hints, but they are still very discreet and the impression of a murder story still sets the theme. The lack of references to class in Holmes narrative shows to the reader that Holmes is quite a different man to Watson, and that he doesnt really fearfulness about where he stands economically or anyone else, unless it has some relevance to his case for example he has 220 standing to his credit.The writer portrays the villa and Nevilles wife to be definitely well off, using the mousseline de soie as a direct peculiarity of the financial security of the missing mans wife and in doing so, adds to the eagerness later on of why Neville had became a beggar if he had all this wealth in the first place, but it is to the readers surprise that his begging money paid for the house as well, this gives the reader the motive to Nevilles begging addiction, the vast amount of money he could make. Showing the characters motives in stories give the ch aracters depth, that is why this was an important point to make.

Legal and Ethical Implications for Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Legal and Ethical Implications for railroom Management Es formulateTodays classrooms argon more(prenominal) dynamic than ever before. Educational necessarily of scholars argon changing at breakneck speeds, along with the demands being placed on their instructors. There atomic number 18 associated legal and ethical implications that atomic number 18 evolving as rapidly as the technology that is driving a helping of the change. In order to have a chance to meet the needs of students and legal/ethical obligations, educators must(prenominal)(prenominal) have well developed classroom management techniques. These can get tricky quite oft and require balancing the increasingly diverse needs of many different people. To be an effective teacher today is extremely difficult for these reasons. This essay will examine some of the current issues that teachers are opened to in todays classrooms by summarizing four journal articles and responding to them. The peculiar(prenominal ) issues will be complete speech and what it means in a trail setting, cell phones in classrooms, bullying (specifically of students with disabilities), and gender specific dress codes. Freedom of Speech The issue addressed in the first article summary is granting immunity of speech and how it is interpreted in a public school setting in relation to the statistical distribution of religious materials.This is really not a new topic of debate. Current precedents have been set in court cases dating as far back as1969 and the Tinker vs. Desmoines case. In that case, the court decision reads that, in order to prohibit any students expression of opinion, the school must supply evidence to support the occurrence that the actions being suppressed would be significantly disruptive (Essex, 2006). Because it is an issue of ongoing debate there are cases still being heard all over the country.This article is specifically in response to a case in the New York Supreme courtyard, where a stu dent was prohibited from distributing religious fliers on school property. The question is, why was the student prevented from expressing her opinion in the first place. According to Essex (2006), one of the requirements placed on schools is that they remain viewpoint neutral. This means that if the literature was suppressed because it was religious in nature, the suppression violated her freshman Amendment rights, even in the school setting.In all court cases, the real message has been that schools are amenable for making sure parents and students are conscious that the schools are merely sending messages indiscriminately from religious and non-secular sources and that they are not in support of any of them (Essex, 2006). Really the essence of the article is that sound policies must be in place, well documented, and consistently come withed for a school to be able to regulate what a student says or distributes and there must be no endorsement of any particular ideas from any s tem or student.Cell phones The next topic of discussion is cell phones in classrooms. The article being summarized is authorize The Only Thing We Have to Fear is120 Characters. In this article, Kevin Thomas and Christy McGee (2012) make arguments for the use of cellphones in classrooms in spite of the fact that 69% have banned them. This paper responds to the many reasons for disallowing their use, and then it goes on to highlight some ideas about why cell phones should be used as educational tools. two billets of the discussion certainly make valid points.If 69% schools have taken students cell phones away, there must be some reasons. Thomas Mcgee (2012) identified and responded to four commonly offered rationales, including misuse for cheating, replacing Standard side of meat with textese, sexting, and cyberbulling. It seems rather obvious that these are negative side effects of the technology, however there are as well positive results that can be attributed to the use of c ell phones. Today, they are relatively affordable and powerful miniature computers.When used properly, the possibilities for better use of time are astonishing. According to Thomas and McGee (2012), teachers need to be framework appropriate behavior with their portable electronic devices and taking advantage of the benefits because the technology is not the cause of the problems. The problems being associated with cell phones all existed in some form, long before modern technology. Thomas Diamates (2010) reports that courts have support schools in their efforts to ban cell phone use as long as the school follow established procedures.Bullying The third topic has to do with bullying, specifically students with disabilities. These students stand out in the classroom, as they are different and so they are subjects of increased abuse from fellow students (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012). Schools and teachers have an obligation to provide students with disabilities a free appropriate public educ ation (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment harmonize to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004).This paper looks at the findings in several court cases to establish what is required of teachers in situations where students with disabilities are being bullied. What this article come outs is that there are an increasing number of suits against school where disabled children are being bullied. The interpretation of what is considered an appropriate education, and whether or not the school took proper preventative/disciplinary travel in light of the bullying are the reasons for these suits.The findings of this study provide evidence that the courts will generally side with schools that have taken and documented actions to alleviate the harassment. In Brown vs. Monroe County Board of Education (1999), the Supreme Court ruled that for a school to be liable, it must receive federal funds, it must have been aware of and acted deliberately indifferent to the harassmen t, and the bullying must have been severe enough to deprive educational hazard (Eckes and Gibbs, 2012).Basically, schools must make an adequate effort to alleviate the harassment in order to limit their liability, and this has been upheld by the courts in cases like Werth v. Board of Directors (2007), and Biggs v. Board of Education (2002). Dress codes The last article on the come takes a look at how and why public schools can or cannot implement gender establish dress codes. Proponents of dress codes list reasons including less distractions, less pressure to dress right, safety, and lower cost to families.Opponents say that dress codes take away students expressive rights, which are already severely limited in school settings. In this particular case, Ceara Sturgis had her picture and name removed from her senior yearbook because she is a lesbian who was more comfortable wearing the school prescribed male outfit. The current question is whether or not this is in violation of her civil liberties. Historically the courts have upheld the rights of schools to implement dress codes with very few exceptions. In Blau v. fortress Thomas Public School District (2005), a father brought suit against the school for violating 1st and fourteenth amendment rights with their dress code. The court found no violation of rights since it is not related to suppression of the content of expression, it furthers a substantial government fill, and it does not burden substantially more speech than is necessary to further that interest (Dowling-Sender, p. 34, 2005). On the other side of the coin, in United States vs. Virginia (1996), schools were required to show a legitimate and distinguished reason for any gender based restrictions (Smith, 2012).In Cearas case, the school is going to have to show that it meets all these criteria, and the outcome has some potentially far reaching consequences. What all this means is that teaching in todays classrooms must be dynamic. Teachers need to be aware of their ever-changing legal and ethical obligations as educators. Decisions must be based on sound judgment and carefully documented observations. Teachers, students, and parents must work unneurotic and communicate with each other to create the best possible learning environment for everyone.

Primary Education and Trendy Brown Jacket Essay Example for Free

Primary Education and Trendy Brown Jacket EssayThe most main(prenominal) qualities of an outstanding instructor are those that improve teaching and enhance student nurture. Key note speeches oft have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my main(a) education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the trounce days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the go around days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his stylish brown jacket with elbow pads) was my trounce instructor he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made encyclopaedism fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches a great deal have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that thi s photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my prime education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the outdo days of my life? For me they were very special.But I think the top hat days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his stylish brown jacket with elbow pads) was my outstrip instructor he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made teaching fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches a good dealtimes have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primal education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon daysBut, were they the best(p) days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his fashionable brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best instructor he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made knowledge fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches much have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken?It was the end of my prime education, andsecondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his fashionable brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best instructor he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made teaching fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches frequently have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only s eems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken?It was the end of my main(a) education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made encyclopedism fun, he made it interesting.Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my main(a) education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at schoo l. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was.He made discipline fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well denchOf course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school.Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special.But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life?For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon daysBut, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken? It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned.They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pad s) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting. Key note speeches often have an icebreaker I thought I would provide the laughs literally It only seems like yesterday that this photo of my classmates and I was taken?It was the end of my primary education, and secondary school beckoned. They were halcyon days But, were they the best days of my life? For me they were very special. But I think the best days came later, as a result of my positive, and negative, experiences at school. Mr Halley (there he is in his trendy brown jacket with elbow pads) was my best teacher he was well dench Of course that expression hadnt been coined yet, but he was. He made learning fun, he made it interesting.

Images of Womans Sexuality in Advertisements Essay Example for Free

Images of Wo gays Sexuality in Advertisements EssayConsidering the time an average American spends in front of the TV screen, it is obvious that the things he/she sees in that respect influence greatly his/her perception of the world around. The stereotypes media offers us strive a great impact of our perception of people. Thus, its no wonder that the images of womens familiar urge in advertisements partly create our gender stereotypes. For to get more(prenominal) information on this issue, I analyzed an article by Christina N. Baker, promulgated in the Sex Roles A Journal of Research in January 2005. The name of the article is Images of womens sexuality in advertisements a content analysis of obscure- and White-oriented womens and mens magazines. This article analyzes the stereotypes of womens sexuality given in advertisements, the differences of those stereotypes for the White and moody muliebrity. It gives the peculiarities of images created for the representatives o f distinct races, and analyzes the origins and the influence of stereotypes that appear due to the TV and magazine commercials. It has always seemed to me that people in our community donation some distorted view of woman and their sexuality.They express the concepts about it that argon sometimes totally whacky (like that a woman should not express her sexual desires, as it is socially disapproved). Those concepts are very far-flung nowadays, and I have been interested for a long time already why people trustfulness those stereotypes, why lots man judge the woman that surround them on the strength of those concepts. Later I understood that the media as well as have the considerable role on forming the gender stereotypes. Thus I entangle I wanted to know more about the specific features of these stereotypes, and, about the mechanism of their functioning.The author genuine three hypotheses about the portrayal of woman in media. The starting time was that sexual women will be depicted with characteristics such as submissiveness and dependency in both womens and mens mainstream/White-oriented magazines. According to the review of literature the author made, we hold water in a patriarchal society, where man a considered to be superior to women, thus they put the criteria of sexuality for woman. For man sexual attractiveness in women is associated with physical beauty. A sign of status for a man is to have a physically attractive woman by his side.The more physically attractive a woman is, the more prestige she will bring to her male partner/spouse. The woman envisioned in commercials, and on the pages of the magazines is bound to be submissive, as it is one of the demands of patriarchal society. The author also notes that some of the scientific findings hypothesize that the continuous showing in the media of women as submissive sex objects whose main goal is to replete mans desires, reinforces the gender hierarchy existing in the contemporary society.T he second hypothesis is that sexual Black women are more potential than sexual White women to be pictured as governing and independent. The author celebrated that patronage of the fact that all of the women are more likely to be represent as the sexual objects, White woman are seen as the etalon of beauty, thus they are portrayed as the sex objects more frequently than the Black women are. It is also the fact that Black women have always been depicted as dominant towards Black man. It is historically that Black man cant get a decent job, thus Black women often have to bring the bacon home.This is the reason why Black woman are often portrayed as the heads of the families in the advertisements. The author also noted that the two stereotypes that exist about forbidding woman are Mommy the matriarch of the big family, and the mother that is raising her child by herself. The stereotype also exists in the contemporary society that Black woman usually dont have a husband. The author adds that the Black matriarch is that is portrayed as deviant because she challenges the assumption of the patriarchal family.The third hypothesis is that Black-oriented magazines are more likely than White-oriented magazines to portray sexual women as dominant and independent. The literature review conducted by the author states that despite of the fact that television commercials that targeted Black audiences contained about as many stereotypical images of Blacks as did those directed toward Whites, the Blackoriented magazines portrayed women in more active and even aggressive role. It was also that in the magazines for the Blacks women were more often portrayed in the role of the mother than women in the magazines for the whites.The characteristic feature of the portrayal of woman in the Blackoriented magazines was that there woman were rather shown in an extended families than in nuclear one, which conforms to the matriarch stereotype. The last hypotheses said that black wome n will be portrayed with physical characteristics that conform to White standards of beauty. However, Black women are more likely to have European features in White-oriented magazines than in Black-oriented magazines. The research showed that nowadays Blackoriented magazines portray women which conform to the White standart of beauty.The colouring material of skin of those woman is dark, but the features are thin, they are slender, and they usually have long and straight hair. In fact, the only phenotypic difference between Caucasian and Afro-American models is the color of skin. Blackoriented magazines dont consider the fact that the features portrayed are not typical for the Black woman, and dont respond to the African canons of beauty. The sexual attractiveness in our society is associated with Whiteness, thus the magazines try to fulfill the desires of their readers.The findings of the articles author coincide with the results of researches conducted by the psychologists, socio logists and psychologists during the last fifty years. For example, Poe, (1976), and Silverstein Silverstein,(1974) found that in most of the TV advertisements woman were less physically active that man were, and they were the recipients of the advice given by man. It confirms the first hypothesis of the articles author, the one which says that women are depicted as submissive to man. The persuasion is that the woman has to be listless for to be attractive.

Corruption in Colombia Essay Example for Free

Corruption in Colombia EssayThere has been a four-decade long conflict between g all overnment forces and anti- organisation groups, such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of capital of South Carolina (FARC) who argon funded by the medicate trade, has escalated over the years. Since about 2002 the violence has decreased a slit amount beca occasion of the lack of the military and popular get word for necessary to overthrow the government. However these groups of insurgents shake up enshroudd to attack politeians. Large atomic number 18as around capital of South Carolina are under the revolutionary influence.By the end of 2006, more(prenominal) than 31,000 former governments officials had ceased to function as long as the formal organization the join Self Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). When this occurred criminal groups arose and members included former government officials. The Colombia administration has even out efforts to advance government support throughout the country. In order to understand how turpitude is affect Colombia, we essential first examine concrete economicalal statistics. The Colombian Peso exchange deem depreciated 6. 64 percentage against the US Dollar during the last 12 months.The Colombian Peso bunk exchange regularise specifies how very much cardinal currency, the USD, is soon worth in terms of the some other, the COP. While the Colombian Peso spot exchange rate is quoted and exchanged in the same day, the Colombian Peso forward rate is quoted unmediatedly only if for deli very(prenominal) and payment on a specific future date. Colombian pesos (COP) per US dollar bill 1,869. 9 (2010) 2,157. 6 (2009) 2,243. 6 (2008) 2,013. 8 (2007) 2,358. 6 (2006) According to the CIA innovation Factbook, Colombia is ranked 59th in exports and 54th in imports. In May of 2011 Colombia exports were worth 4704 Million USD and imports were worth 4931 Million USD.Their major exports are petroleum, coffee, coal, nickel, g old and, untraditional exports. Their major imports are industrial and exaltation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, and electricity. The total population in Colombia was last describe at 45. 9 million large number in 2010 from 16. 0 million in 1960, changing 187 percent during the last 50 years. Colombia has 0. 67 percent of the world? s total population which means that hotshot person in any 150 raft on the planet is a resident of Colombia.The unemployment rate in capital of South Carolina from 2000 until 2010 averaged at 14. 7 percent. The highest percentage was in January of 2001 when it was 20. 99 percent. The lowest percentage was in November of 2007 when it was 8. 91 percent. Labor force is the number of people employed plus the number unemployed notwithstanding seeking work. The non-labor force is those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalized, and those serving in the military. According to the World Bank, the Colombia G ross Domestic Product is worth 288 billion dollars or 0. 46% of the world economy. Colombias average gross domestic product was 60. 55 billion dollars and reached the highest dollars in December of 2010.Colombia is a free market economy with major commercial message and enthr angiotensin-converting enzymement ties to The coupled States. Transition from a highly regulated economy has been underway for more than 15 years. Colombias average annual economic growth rate was of over 5% from 2002 to 2007. The inflation rate in Colombia was last claim at 3. 3 percent in August of 2011. Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The most cognize measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy.Corruptions oppose impact on Colombian strange Direct Investment is reflected by the brusk get wind of Colombian government by i ts citizens. The Colombian government, although slight developed and more weaken, is structured similarly to the linked States government. However unstable it whitethorn be, it is a re humans and consists of three branches administrator, legislative and judicial. Also like the coupled States, Colombia is dominated by two major political parties, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian innocent Party.Because of the natural radicalism of the two parties, two major civil wars gravel resulted from their existence, The Thousand geezerhood contend and La Violencia. The Thousand Days state of war is a prime example of how the putrescence of the Colombian government has made Foreign Direct Investment a very difficult achievement for Colombia. The Thousand Days War was a civil war fought between the Conservative Party of Colombia and the extensive Party of Colombia, sparked by depravation. In 1898, Conservative Party member Manuel Antonio Sanclement, was select presid ent of Colombia.This was very controversial because it was believed that signifi bottomlandt preference blind had made this feasible. As Sanclement was an adamant Liberal Party oppose, the Colombian Liberal Party waged war. The war, which lasted 4 years, claimed an estimated 100,000 lives. As devastating of a loss as 100,000 people is, the worst out sleep with of The Thousand Days War may be that it did little to resolve the extreme differences between the Liberal and Conservative Parties of Colombia. The Thousand Days War was soon followed by a second civil war more commonly known as La Violencia. La Violencia was to a fault a war plungeed on subversive activity.It was sparked by the assassination of the Liberal Party leader Jorge Eliecer Gaitan. After the assassination in 1948, Conservative Party leader Laureano Gomez, was the uncontested elected president in 1950. Under Gomezs power, there was an increase rate of violence, specifically by the liberals of Colombia who were ve ry up circuit about Gomezs rise to power. Gomez was overthrown by a military coup led by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilpla in 1953. However, Rojas launchd to be just as corrupt his predecessor and was soon overthrown by the Colombian military, with the support of both the Conservative and Liberal parties.La Violencia, a time properly named later and extreme period of violence and conflict, lasted from 1946 to 1957. Within that timespan it claimed an estimated 300,000 Colombian lives. The following chart shows the number of Colombian citizens who are murdered per 100,000 people by year. What is more concerning than its high rates, is that it continued to increase even after La Violencia. These extreme rates of murder and frequent conflicts are heavily dependent on the poor fancy citizens brace of the Colombian government. There is a lack of trust in the Colombian government.Historically, governmental corruption is common practice in Colombia, just as it is a frequent occurrence tha t violent rebellions and civil wars take place in order to transfer power between the two political parties. This poor government bag and lack of control allows corruption to electric arc wild in Colombia making it a very difficult place for Foreign Direct Investment. This poor image of government in Colombia did not see much improvement after La Violencia. Another violent problem emerged with narco-terrorism. Colombia has become infamous for its coca plantine production. In 2008, Colombia was the computer addresss of 50% of the worlds cocaine.It is an industry which is very frequently held out violently, leading(p) to what is known as narco-terrorism. In 1990, three presidential potdidates were killed by narco-terrorists. With the rise of drug trafficking in Colombia, it appears that narco-terrorists have more control than the Colombian government. Although Colombian government has always struggled with corruption, there have recently been more signs of improvement towards a better country for Foreign Direct Investment. Within the past decade, several laws have been passed to weaken drug cartels and strengthen governmental control.From 2002 to 2008 Colombia has seen a decrease in some historically seek areas. Its homicide rate dropped 44%, its kidnapping rates dropped 88%, its terrorist attacks dropped 79% and its attacks on countrys infrastructure dropped 60%. These tremendous improvements show an increase in governmental authority in Colombia. If Colombia can continue to improve in these areas and demonstrate that its government can have more control over its people, without corruption, it result become a much better candidate for Foreign Direct Investment.In August 2010, professorship Santos, introduced a principle that would distribute industry incomes to Columbians who have lost their land due to violence. He besides is trying to make improvements through domestic security. Columbia is third largest exporter of oil to the United States. Forei gn direct enthronement from 2008 to 2009 went from $10 billion to $7. 2 billion. Even though records show that it has dropped $2. 8 billion, in 2010 it began to go back their losses through the oil sector. Because of their financial crisis the economy didnt grow significant amount gutter 2010 then it grew 4. %.Before that the growth was a low percentage. With the challenges that Colombias faces it requires major improvement to sustain economic expansion. The outrageous amount of corruption in Colombia is hindering its economy and taenia it from becoming a effective and stable country. Although it is one of the oldest democracies in Latin America, Colombia has some of the most corrupt preferences. An estimated 130,000 candidates are course for election at the local, regional, and national levels. 10% of these candidates have proven criminal records.About a third of their senate is currently under investigation for parapolitics and many of which are already in jail. The corrupt election are break danceping Colombia from having a stable government which is stopping unusual investors from taking the risk of putting money into Columbia, signification less jobs and poorer quality of life for the average Colombian. In 2005 the parapolitics scandal was uncovered and left the Colombian senate in chaos. The Colombian senate seats 102, and with 51 senators now being investigated and 29 in jail, they are virtually paralyzed. As each senator is arrested, it delays the agenda for legislation even more.Paramilitary leading have confessed to hundreds of thousands of crimes including murders, abductions, rapes, narcotics, and extortion. They have also confessed to financial support many politicians in an attempt to be protected outside of the law. Many members of the former president of Colombia, professorship Alvaro Uribes party were arrested for parapolitics showing the world how unstable the Colombian government is. One of the arrested politicians includes the presidents cousin Mario Uribe who has had very close ties to the president both family-wise and politically.This influenced the United States greatly and in 2007 a software system of military aid destined for Colombia from the United States was blocked in the U. S. senate because of fear of election corruption. Colombia depends on the U. S. greatly, as it is number 3 in the world for U. S. military aid. The aid is used to assist in combat the drug war and without it more violence and corruption allow for take place. Paramilitary has a gigantic effect on the elections conducted in Columbia. There are around 20,000 paramilitary fighters in the country all growing from their creation in the 1980s.In 2010 armed groups killed over two dozen candidates stayning for election and at the same time they invested large sums of money to fund their own candidates campaigns. Along with bribing people to run for them, these armed groups will also pay the public for individual votes. This ca n be as much as $40 per person in some places. Other times they will also use sheer military force to intimidate the public into voting for them. Many of the jailed parapoliticians have others running in their place as puppets while they are still in jail.Caracol news agency reported that 18 of the candidates in 2010 were political front men for ex-senators. There was an increase in the amount of women running for election which usually is considered a good thing. The truth is that the ones with the best chance for election were being plunk for by paramilitary families in an attempt to keep seats lost by jailed parapoliticians. The other puffy problem in Colombia its enormous drug trade and the negative effect it has on the economy.Columbia is the worlds largest cocaine producer and accounts for 43% of coca cultivation (the crop used to make cocaine). 0% of the cocaine found in the United States is Colombian. Combined, Colombian and Mexican drug cartels make an estimated $4. 6 bil lion exporting to the United States per year. Overall Columbias drug trade is about $10 billion / year which is equivalent to 25% of the countries heavy exports. In 2008 81,000 hectares of land were being used for dirty coca cultivation. These are staggering total and makes you wonder, how is all of this being allowed to happen? If Colombia was not as corrupt as it is, this wouldnt happen.Many of the drug lords use their influence and resources to pay off politicians, police, and military to whirl a blind eye to their drug trade. Attempts have been made to stop this massive drug trafficking but so far it has only slowed it down. Colombias defense spending is now at $12 billion per year which is triple the average defense budget of other South American countries. Along with an increase defense budget, the United States has also committed an additional $6 billion since 2001 to help crackdown on the coca production. These are large sums of money that could be spent in other more p roductive ways. much(prenominal) as, creating a better national infrastructure and creating jobs. $18 billion is a lot of money to invest in an economy, and currently they are losing all of that potential production because drugs are such a big problem. Drug trafficking and election corruption are both hurting the Colombian economy. Billions of dollars are being spent to stop the corruption but to this point there is still a great deal going away on. In order for Colombia to have better production in a global economy, they must prove to the world they have a stable government, and reduce the risks associated with investing in them.Over the past a few(prenominal) years, foreign direct investment in Colombia has been gradually increasing as their country has been fighting the corruption and violence that had been prominent. Some of the most advantageous areas for FDI are technology, fuels such as coal, oil and natural bollix and infrastructure. One reason that fuel is a wise choi ce for FDI is because Colombia has much more oil than is being used by its population This excess would allow foreign companies access to enough oil to run more plants at a cheaper cost. Infrastructure is also important because Colombias current ease of transportation leaves much to be desired.If a company decided to invest in Colombias transportation, it would draw more investors in as said transportation costs decreased. The Colombian government has been actively working to advance local companies to develop the roadway systems across the country to attempt to make Colombia more attractive to foreign investors. While several countries are investing in Colombia, the United States is the lead investor by over 30%. It is certainly beneficial to have a strong investor, however it can be problematic for one country to control so much of Colombias foreign direct investment.Having investments in Colombia is helpful for the United States because Colombia is a relatively close population of cheap labor without many of the highly-regulated working conditions that are found in more developed, less corrupt countries. As a surprisingly strong investor, Anguilla contributes 20% of Colombias foreign direct investment. For a country whose economy is largely based on tourism, it is raise to see their commitment to a local country that has very little tourism because of its reputation for violence, drugs and corruption.Foreign direct investment has been increasing in the recent years due to Colombias higher command of corruption and desire to control the violence in the streets. Many businesses are beginning to trust Colombia to protect their product rights and property, although Colombia is still far from stable and dependable. While crime rates are slowly fall in Colombia, most businesses still avoid investing in Colombia because of its reputation for extensive riots and drug wars.If Colombia can decrease their reputation for instability and corruption, they have every opport unit of measurementy to successfully draw in investment and provide a safer, better future for their citizens. As stated throughout this extensive research paper, corruption can cause a country many problems. One aspect that it affects the most is trade. Countries and corporations are less attracted to corrupt governments opposed to more stable governments.According to Mauro, who analyzed 94 corrupt countries, GDP increased by four percent with a decrease of 2. 38 on his teen point casing GDP per capita increased by . percent. Mauro contributed to the book, The State in a Changing World, World Development explanation 1997. Columbia has had corruption problems for an extended period of time now. Parts of the government have tried to stop such corruption but cooperation from all parts is needed to encourage. In order for Columbia to progress they must start at the root. They must analyze what causes corruption and barbeles other countries took to successfully start eliminat ing corruption. A few of the reasons corruption is practiced are to avoid penalties for illegal actions or to get around legal regulations.One overwhelming problem in Columbia, that is no secret to most, is drug trade. Drug cultivating and trade in Columbia is evident due to its geological location and ideal climate. In order to transport these drugs and have farms some drug lords may need to pay off government officials so they can issue their eyes on such activities. In this case both the drug lords and government officials benefit. Corruption will be hard to fight in Columbia due to the fact that the drug industry is estimated to be valued in the billions and whenever there is such a significant amount of money on the line, people are willing to do anything.Regardless of the reason, usually it is for an individuals personal gain, companies included. Institutional corruption usually arises when government officials have a significant amount of power but little accountability. mos t of the time, the officials must have their own financial incentives in order to partake in the corruption. The more control government officials have to regulate corporations the more corruption is likely to occur. If the probability of being caught or punish is low, people will tend to risk dealing with corruption.There are two approaches that must be taken to fight corruption, the first approach must be an institutional approach and the other must be a mixer approach. To begin an institutional reform towards corruption, Columbia must limit authority. Columbia has a so-called democratic government. With all the corruption going on, the polls could be altered. This is where the social approach comes into play later on. There most prominent branch is the executive branch. This supports the fact that Columbias authorities may have too much power.Privatization is believed to be able to reduce corruption by limiting the amount of government interaction with companies. In order to be successful there must be certain regulation put into place. The only problem with this approach is that it has already been taken by Columbia, and while it did improve corruption, it was not notable enough. Columbia has gone as far as privatizing its piddle supply and while it had many critics at first, it turned out to be a good finality by their part due to the correct regulations put into place. Other suggestions are to increase liberalization by reducing tariffs.This will lead to officials having less access to 1bribes. Competition among public services can also reduce corruption by eliminating monopoly type organizations. By increasing accountability, corruption can be decreased. righteousness includes stricter enforcement and easier detection mechanisms. Accountability can be increased through many ways. Freedom of information legislation can help. To better explain freedom of information legislation, and example would be the Ugandan government began broadsheet prices for services and activities such as registering a car or starting a small business.This eliminates questionable pricing and increases transparency. Another tactical manoeuvre to increase transparency is to implement financial disclosure among government officials. This tactic makes government officials income and assets public. Some South American countries have already began this practice countries such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. regime expenditures and income can also be made public for transparency purposes. This way money wont go missing and if it does the people will know this is known as an open budget process.legislative oversight can benefit Columbia greatly in terms of eliminating corruption. Since Columbia must move over more power to its legislative branch quite than its executive branch. A recent example has been one of Columbias neighbors, Brazil. The congressional impeachment of President Fernando Collor de Mello demonstrated the strength of the legislative bran ch. The Brazilian senate has also set up a special mission to investigate potential fraud in selling government bonds. Columbias senate should take initiative and also set up some sort of committee to investigate corruption charges.These methods wont completely eliminate corruption and none will come close to even making an impact if its the only method used but if they are combined corruption and decrease considerably. An incentive to avoid corruption would be stricter sanction. By increasing the rigourousness of the punishments people face a higher risk factor when participating in corrupt actions, thusly leading them to think twice about their actions. Sanctions may include but are not control to minimum sentences for taking part in corrupt activities or denying public services for any entity offer bribes, this includes people or companies.Columbia was already on somewhat of a right track when it comes to alter their judicial branchs power. In 1991 Alfonso Valdivieso was ap pointed attorney general. In Colombia the Attorney General cannot be dismissed or reappointed and he is given investigatory powers. Valdivieso gained world recognition for prosecuting high ranking drug lords and government officials. I would recommend Columbia to ask Valdivieso for help, knowing that he is a reliable source when it comes to corruption. He cant be Attorney General again but if special unit is formed to combat corruption, he is definitely a guy that should be taken in mind.This concludes possible ways to avoid and reduce corruption from an institutional view point, reducing corruption from a social approach is rather different. The way people are raised and their surroundings affect their views on many things including corruption. If children are raised in a corrupt environment, they will view it not only unobjectionable but almost necessary. Its a top down effect where government officials and corporation leaders are at the top. They must set an example for the publ ic to look down on corruption and not endorse it.Public Relations Campaigns can be put into effect to better inform people on the consequences and harm done by corruption that is not too clear. Campaigns can be executed through mass media, community activities or school programs. A few key points that should be emphasized are the effect that corruption has on things such as public services, investments, and inequality. All of these aspects are affected in a negative way. Columbias unemployment rate is 11. 8% and its Gini index is 58. 5. These numbers could improve with by decreasing corruption but this fact isnt evident to most of the population.If people feel like they have a say in the situation and can make a change, they will be more actively supportive. These campaigns should aim towards making people feel as if every little bit of help counts. In Argentina a non-government organization was formed to inform the public about corruption. The organization consists of television an d radio ads. Another positive use of media to combat corruption is fact-finding journalism. Investigative journalism increase transparency greatly. It helps uncover corrupt officials and acts. The truth is what drives investigative journalism rather than just a story.Investigative journalism poses a threat of being exposed towards anyone that is participating in corrupt acts. It is a risky job due to the fact that people being uncovered may have a lot of power. Workshops should be set up to train such journalist. Countries such as Uganda and Tanzania have just that. In a country like Colombia with all the guerilla forces and drug cartels, this is a very important part to investigative journalism. Journalist run the risk of being targeted, so they must be careful and smart in the ways they go about reporting and accessing their findings.Lastly Columbia could search for outside help. Help can come from individual countries or organizations. Organizations such as the United Nations an d the World Bank could offer guidelines to help. Both organizations are pretty much powerless but they can help establish treaties that could improve anti-corruption efforts. Individual countries that wish to invest in Columbia could also take initiative and further influence Columbian anti-corruption movements. To recap corruption is mostly if not solely negative towards Columbias economic development.It makes Columbia look risky to outside investors hoping to make a federal Direct Investment. Investors prefer stability rather than turmoil. Due to its geological position, Columbia has faced drug problems for a few decades now. In order to transport these drugs and grow them, bribery and corruption is needed. Columbian citizens and officials should notice that corruptions cons surpass the pros when it comes to the Columbian economy as a whole. Officials must lead by example and the power of the executive branch should be reduced.