Motivation and Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

pauperization and Broadbents Filter Model of AttentionFoundations in Sport psychological scienceXingChi ShenTerm Paper for the Course Foundations in Sport psychology go forthline in this paper, two close impressive topics, the motivating and Broadbents perk model of attention respectively, be chosen from various interesting topics as the boil down of this essay. First their concepts argon analyzed and then their applications in the cheerleading phenomenon atomic number 18 discussed. Cheerleaders sens raise tendernesss, confirm confidence, and set up the commanders a motivating and confirm psychological pressure on the rivals and achieve stay set up on the rivals. provided on the more or less other overtake, cheerleaders brush off generate umteen negativeeffects. Therefore, in confide population should appropriately design and organize the activities of the cheerleaders to allow the cheerleaders affect the audiences, and potentialityen the ath permites con fidence, and enhance the audiences passions. At last, my personal reflection for this work is addressed.1. Topics ChosenDuring the process of studying the style of Foundations in Sport Psychology, we intimate umteen principles of diversion psychology, including the concepts of collaboration and competition, the process of the cognitive psychology, the concepts of social loafing, and the need of genetic mutation (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000 Weinberg Gould 2011). We also knew the experimental method and biological fundaments of psychology. Although the course emphasizes psychological factors in sport, but the course provides us legion(predicate) general theories of psychology. This course has opened our minds and depictn us a colorful adult male in our indoors world, which we never noted before. However, among various interesting topics, two are most impressive for us the motivating and Broadbents filter model for peoples cognitive process. In this paper we will c hoose these two topics as the focus of this essay and discuss their applications in the sport.2. Theoretical and Conceptual Principles of Sport PsychologyIn the first place, motivation is one of the most Copernican concepts in sport psychology beca practice session people participating any sport charter various motivations. For example, some people play tennis with friends because they mainly regard to reform skills and have fun with friends, while other may trust to develop fitness by playing tennis. For some professional athletes, their motivation is to achieve a success in their sport career. From this class we break the interactional view of motivation motivated behavior is primarily mulish by situational factors, but motivated behavior numbers from the interaction of participant personal factors and situational factors (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000 Weinberg Gould 2011). Shown in Fig.1, personal factors contain athletes personalities, needs, interests, and goals, while situational factors includes lead-coach style, team win handout record, and facilities attr quickness, etc (Martin, Carlson, and Buskist, 2000 Weinberg Gould 2011). Here situational factors also include audience response in the competition. Athletes on the face of it rout out be affected by audience response, while cheerleading is a really important method to stimulate the audiences response in matches.Fig.1 interaction of participant personal factors and situational factorsIn the second place, psychological research shows when people engage in certain activities, their psychological status will be affected by the environment. Consequently, their actions and actions results will be pull ahead affected by these factors accordingly. In the field of sports, a lot of practices have shown that athletes cheerleaders will impose certain psychological effects, thereby affecting the athletes sport results or slaying. Even the Ameri give notice diver Michelle Davison says, Every one is pretty much at the same level somatogeneticly, The difference comes down to who nates buoy hold it unneurotic mentally. (Using Psychology to emend Sports Performance 2014). Moreover, Dr. Magulubur published a paper in Olympic scientific congress in 1984 that the impact of psychological factors for the athletes in low, mid-level skills is 20%, bio-mechanical factors account for 80%. For elite athletes these numbers are moreover the opposite. i.e., psychological factors may account for 80% and biological mechanical actors are 20% (Using Psychology to Improve Sports Performance 2014). American track and load athlete Carl Lewis has said 90% of preparation is the pre-match psychological. So the psychological factors play a decisive role in the match.Moreover, many researchers have investigated the check of the mental factors for the slaying of the athletes and injure of athletes in details. For example, they investigated the psychological factors such as the agonistical anxiety and coach may lead to injure of the athletes in matches (Junge 2000).Among many explanations about the connection between psychological status and the procedure of athletes, we mediocre concern the psychological theory of attention, since in the competition of athletes. The chore of attention is very important for an athlete to achieve success. In background of Broadbent filters model shown as Fig.2, people have a process to use a message they receive (Broadbent, 1958). First, all messages from outside are stimulus into the sensor store of human, but selectively transferred into our brains, in basis of their physical properties such as color, pitch, and loudness. After going through a bottleneck, the larning is transmitted into high level processing and finally into short terminal figure memory and then into long term memory. This theory emphasizes that the world comprises of many more sensations than we can handle by the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of huma ns. To fuck with the information, we have to selectively keep to some information. Attention, therefore, is the result of a limited-capacity information-processing system.Fig.2 Broadbents filter model of attentionWe noted that the cheerleading becomes a very jet activities in the match, especially in the NFL (National Foot cluster League) and NBA (National B waitetball Association) basket ball companions. And even the cheerleading becomes one necessary part of match in the US. We send off often them from the TV and newspaper. Therefore, we are interested in what the functions of the cheerleading in the match, and how the applications of the said(prenominal) principles of sport psychology into the cheerleaders phenomenon. We will explain these details in the attached section.3.Application to Cheerleaders Phenomenon3.1 The introduction of cheerleaderEven though currently most cheerleads team consists of females, the cheerleading began as all-male activity. The first cheerleader t eam dates back to in 1987, when cheerleaders yelled at the bowlful of the Princeton University for their baseball and football athletes. After that, many universities and high schools have naturalised such of cheerleaders and they often play performances in the NFL and NBA matches.Table 1. Top 10 cheerleading organizations in the US (Campo-Flores 2007 )However, until 1980 in the get together States, cheerleading has developed into the athletics competition, little by little developed into International All Star Cheerleading Association (the IASCA) competition (Smith 2007). In 1998, International Cheerleading Union (International Cheerleading Federation), a world cheerleading organization supported by the United States was established as an important turning point in the history of cheerleading. The International Cheerleading Union successfully hosted the first Cheerleading World clientele in 2001. Eight countries (Finland, Germany, Japan, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, the United K ingdom and China Taiwan) around the world participated, and the Japanese team won the championship (Campo-Flores 2007). Newsday, cheerleading itself has developed into an independent sport. directly it is estimated that over 1.5 million participants are active in the all wizardry cheerleading in the US. In addition, about 1000,000 cheerleaders are scattered around the world, including Canada, China, German, Japan, and United Kingdom. To date, more than 60 countries around the world to carry out this entreat (Campo-Flores 2007).Fig.3 the Cheerleader of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics(Cheerleaders of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics 2014)Today modern cheerleaders movement blends many elements of hand gymnastic exercise, dancing, gymnastics, sports skills, coupled with a strong sense of rhythm music. They demonstrate the athletes spirit and collective spirit of solidarity in the competition.In addition to athletes, referees, and spectators, cheerleaders are active in sports venues of the fou rth character. At least cheerleading has a function of spectators. But unlike simple spectators, cheerleading has more obvious and deliberate purpose on the athletes. With respect to the athletes themselves, cheerleading is an external factor capable of acting on the inside(a) psychological athletes. In this section we will apply the theory of the motivation and the cognitive psychology in analyzing the cheerleading phenomenon.3.2 Format of cheerleaderAccording to its organization format, cheerleading can mainly be divided into the following two categories(1) Simple cheerleadersThey are also effn as yelling cheerleaders. They mainly consist of the athletes families, friends and fans. They just yell, clap, or shake hands at the stadium in recount to move on athletes. It is a common way of cheering athletes. For individual athletes or entire team, the cheerleaders can raise spirits, strengthen confidence, and set up the players a motivation that it is not only a win for themselves , they win for more. It allows individuals competitive spirit more adequate and help them access to get out of the ego. Meanwhile, it can strengthen psychological pressure on the rivals and achieve deterrent effects on the rivals. A trusty cheerleader can even assume artificial station field advantage. Athletes are not in home field, but if the cheerleaders can control the visiting fields audiences, so players can feel they are at home field, thereby enhancing their confidence and strengthen the winning mentality. In fact, friends group and fans group of athlete stars also can organize cheerleaders to support one athlete or group, and generate the psychological offensive for the rivals.(2) Show cheerleaderThis cheerleading includes 1-3 minutes long aerobics performance show at opening, midfield transition, or closing. Athletes groups (individual members or groups of members compete with each other) create and improve the environment and atmosphere of the competition. The athletes groups and audience can be affected which let them have feelings of joy and excitement. Often these cheerleaders will show many movements of gymnastics and dances. From a business standpoint, these cheerleaders market has become the mainstream in the current competition matches. Through purposeful selection members, after careful preparation, show cheerleaders can design their movement and adjust the competitive atmosphere of the scene, and inspire athletes to counterbalance attracted the audiences attention. Many cheerleaders we saw from the TV and newspaper belong to this type.However, on the other hand, cheerleading may generate some negativeeffects. In a sport circumstance an attention is a vital aspect of athletic performance. As we mentioned from the Broadbent model, to neck with the messages, we have to selectively attend to some information. However, in the competition, inappropriate cheerleading activities can use loudly yelling, or some special color to address the at hletes attention and dampen their enthusiasm. Recently, many experts concluded that cheerleaders may hinder the halting In games such as gymnastics, aerobics, fraught with difficult moves, such as juggling, tumbling, athletes need to concentrate their attentions, otherwise they will be extremely unsafe to generate adverse consequences. But sometimes the cheerleaders are hard to fetch this point and may generate some negative effects.Therefore, in practice people should appropriately design and organize the activities of the cheerleaders to let the cheerleaders affect the audiences, and strengthen the athletes confidence, and enhance the audiences passions, not to interrupt the athletes concentration. In details, based on the inventory of the match, the type of the competition, and the audiences, cheerleading should choose the music, performance actions, and location of performance. On the other hand, the athletes should strength the psychological training to avoid the interferen ce by the cheerleading and audiences.4. Personal objurgationIn this semester, we first learned many psychological concepts from this course. We took many tests and assignments in the classes. However, only by through writing this essay, we have an opportunity to further understand the concepts that we learned in this course.In the first place, this course gives me many new ideals about the psychology and widens my horizons. I feel the psychological concepts are useful in our life. For example, people have different personality and mood, which can be determined by their inner world, but can be adjusted by the environment. However, when I write this reflection paper, I reviewed many concepts and chose the most important points which I learned in this paper. To write this paper, I search all kinds of knowledge of the sport psychology. For example, I find some topics as the research of the experiment of sport psychology. Even though the result is very interested, it is not fitful for t his paper. When we saw the pictures of cheerleaders from internet, we think it is a good topics to connect the sport psychology to our life, since everyone know what is cheerleader and cheerleading has some psychological principles. We feeling this topic and finally choose motivation and cognitive psychology in this paper and consider their applications in sport.In the second place, from this course we know how important of psychology in the sport. For instance, I am also a player of badminton and I have my personal experience. I understand how important of the mental status in playing badminton. Moreover, understanding some psychological principles can help me improve our performance in the match. Especially when we infinitely lose several points in the competition, we should not blame our partner. On the country, we encourage each other with my team players and make ourselves relaxed. In addition, we can ask for my friends to organize one cheerleader for us and encourage us in t he match. That is very useful in practice.Thirdly, I read many papers talk about the connection between the sport injure and the mental provide of athletes. Even this course concentrates on the sport psychology the principles are lock away useful for any person. For example, I was very nervous before winning the exam. By from this course, we know that the self-confidence is very important for achieving better performance not only for athletes, but also for students. So this course helps me locomote correctly the anxiety and pressure at exams. It helps me understand the mechanism of the anxiety, and teach me how to resolve the anxiety. Therefore, as for this aspect, the course is very useful in practice. In the near future, we would like to apply these principles we learned in this course into practice.ReferencesBroadbent, D (1958). Perception and Communication. London Pergamon Press.Campo-Flores, Arian (2007). A World of Cheer. Newsweek. Retrieved from http//www.newsweek.com/ch eerleading-gains-popularity-worldwide-101645.Cheerleaders of NFL and NBA Boston Celtics (2014), Pics fromhttp//www.spox.com/de/sport/diashows/cheearleader-nba-nfl/cheerleader-nfl-nba,seite=23.htmlJunge, Astrid (2000), The Influence of Psychological Factors on Sports Injuries, Review of the Literature. Am J Sports Med.200028(5 Suppl)S10-5.Martin, G.N. Carlson, N.R. and Buskist, W. (2010) Psychology. Pearson educational Press Harlow, Essex.Smith, Jennifer Rene (February 2007). The All-Star Chronicles, American Cheerleader13(1) 4042.Schmidt, R. A. and Wrisberg, C.A. (2008). Motor learning and performance A Situation-Based Learning Approach. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.Using Psychology to Improve Sports Performance (2014). Retrieved fromwww.spicewoodgroup.com/sports_psych.asp.Weinberg, R. S., Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. (5th Ed.)Word count 2524