Slavery Essays (1055 words) - Slavery In The United States, Slavery

Slavery In London in June of 1606, King James I, the reigning monarch of England, issued what would forever change the lives and destiny of the world. The king granted a group of entrepreneurs a charter, allowing them to settle the vastly unknown lands of the newly discovered continent of America. In 1607, a group of ill-suited settlers landed in the Chesapeake region of North America and established the colony of Jamestown. Ravaged by starvation, disease, and natives, the hapless settlers found little success in the early years of the colony. Only through John Smith's leadership and poise did the colony manage to survive the first few grueling years. John Rolfe's contributions ultimately saved the colony, as he was able to tame and cultivate tobacco. The settlement became dependent on farming various products. As England's insatiable appetite grew, Jamestown grew to large-scale farming techniques such as plantation agriculture. It soon became evident that a steady work force would be needed to keep up with the demand of Europe. In 1619, an institution was introduced to the colony that would forever challenge the posterity of the land, altering the scope of future American society for years to come. It is in this year that the first few African slaves arrived in the unknown continent of America. Slavery became firmly established in southern society, relied upon for economic well-being. Through years of degradation, the slaves continued their lives of discrimination and humiliation. Yet these people survived the years of oppression, creating an incredible culture that lasted through their tumultuous existence in America. The evil of slavery reared its ugly face throughout early United States history. The push for freedom grew with the aid of abolitionists who attempted to root out a corruption that appeared to consume their benevolent country. In this sea of trouble, Frederick Douglas arose to fight against this demon seed of slavery. His detailed account of his life as a slave touched the hearts of abolitionists and helped to fan the flame that would destroy this debauched institution. Frederick Douglas' narrative was a weapon that helped many Americans understand slave life and culture and the depravity of their lives through his attempt to invoke sympathy from his readers. The lives and culture of these slaves give testament to the everyday struggle and helped the call for complete abolition. Plantation life was a harsh existence for slaves. Master and slave relationships varied from different plantations. Some masters thought of themselves as having a parental role for the slaves, providing them food and shelter in exchange for a day's work. Yet other masters gave no hint of remorse or feelings towards the slaves and often inflicted great emotional and physical hardships upon them. In either case, the slave system was based on the control of one race over the other based on racial discrimination and moral injustice. Frederick Douglas' autobiography gives a first-hand account as to the life of a slave. Like Douglas, many slaves had more than one master. Often times many smaller masters had small farms all of which was on the property of one master. Each of the smaller masters had what Douglas called overseers (p. 41). The overseer's job was to control the duties and everyday tasks of the slaves. Usually the overseer is the one that delivers the punishment to the slaves. T his person is one of the most despised on the plantation because of their cold-hearted, unwavering hatred towards the slaves. The slaves were valued as property, and their meager existence outlines their struggle of everyday life. In the life of slaves, few things were as important as the family. For a person that is given few possessions, they grappled on to their relationships with their fellow captives. Slaves were not allowed to marry legally, yet they were often permitted to start families and raise children. When they were separated from family members, as was often the case, they experienced grave emotional anguish. The slaves were forced to work in the fields all day under the watchful eyes of the overseer. They served a menial existence, being given the bare necessities of food, water, and some clothing. In their small dwellings, a slave family adopted gender roles similar to

Social Security essays

Social Security essays A little over 60 years ago the nation struggled through what was, up to then, the most dramatic crisis since the Civil War. The economy was uprooted after the crash of the stock market and the country's financial stability destroyed. One of the many steps taken to alleviate the burden on the American people was that of the passing of Social Security Act of 1935 and its amendments by Congress and the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Under the provisions of the Act, the government would take on the responsibility of taxing the income of all working Americans and returning the money through numerous public benefits and programs. Now the nation faces an economic and political problem with the program instituted to earnestly help the people. In the first half of the next century the government will face the task of paying benefits to a large generation with funds it will not have. This year Social Security assistance accounts for over 20% of the federal budget and will make up even more for the years to follow. Almost all political sides agree that Social Security must be reformed in some way before the baby-boomer generation begins to retire and collect. Social Security benefits refer to all those measures established by the government through legislation that help an individual or household to maintain an income of a certain level, insure income if one's employment is lost, provide other assistance for disability, old age, survivors, and other forms of compensation. Social Security may be defined through several characteristics: (1) participation is mandatory. Everyone, including children age 5 or older, is required to have a Social Security (2) Eligibility for benefits and levels of benefits depends on past contributions made by earners. (3) Benefit payments begin at a stipulated time such as at retirement from work, upon temporary unemployment, or with disability (4) Social-insurance benefits are means-tested - one's wealth or lac...

Project managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Project managment - Assignment Example literature on this subject by David Anderson, Frank Brit and Donavon Favre under the title: The seven principles of Supply Chain Management, the concept gained more publicity and many scholars started producing tonnes of literature in this area. This new found interest in Supply Chain Management has allowed the concept to be extensively studied to the benefit of companies and customers across all industries. Some of the scholars who saw an opportunity after Anderson et al wrote their first piece in 1997 were Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper who in 2007 reviewed the decade old article and were in agreement that supply chains should be customer oriented. This pint of view represented the line of thought held by Anderson et al a decade earlier and opens a door into what the future holds for SCM. If over a decade earlier these scholars had seen the impact of SCM on customers and how the concept affected business, the it is fair to conclude that the article; The seven principles of Supply Chain Management was clearly ahead of itself. To address the unique customer demands within a supply chain, segmentation is necessary so that each cluster with identical characteristics is serviced in a peculiar manner that meets their uniqueness. EBay, one of the leading global online marketplaces, has adopted a unique model in its supply chain where for an extra cost, customers with need to urgent delivery are s upplied within the stipulated time and the purchased products discounted. This is an indicator of how a customised supply chain helps serve global clients to the benefit of all stakeholders. A discussion by Wang, Heng & Chau (2007) stressed on sharing information on demand trends especially for organizations with business relationships so that level of stock among these companies is kept at the bare minimum. This alignment of demand and planning is a useful tool throughout the supply chain because it helps related businesses obtain real time data on regions with deficit further

Macro Environment Pepsi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro Environment Pepsi - Essay Example The major factors of social and political organization within the vastly diverse population are language, religion and caste. The economy of India is the fourth-largest in the world as gauged by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.36 trillion. When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $692 billion (2004). (Kapoor, pp 3-5) India was the second fastest emergent major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8.1% by the end of the first quarter of 2005-2006. Nevertheless, India's massive population results in a comparatively low per capita income of $3,100 at PPP and is classified as a developing nation. For most of its independent history India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach, with stringent government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Since the late 1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic reforms by decreasing government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and opening up of certain sectors to private and foreign players has advanced slowly in the midst of political debate. India has a work force of 496.4 million of which agriculture forms 61% of it, industry 18%, and services 22%. The unemployment rate is at 9%. Agricultural produce include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry and fish. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery. Over the last 10 or so years, India has also capitalized on its huge number of highly educated people who are fluent in the English language to become a vital location for global companies outsourcing customer service and technical support call centers. It is also a main exporter of skillful workers in software services, financial services, and software engineers. India's key trading partners are the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, and the United Arab Emirates. The standard of living in India is continuously improving and beverages play very important role in the lives of Indians. Consuming soft drinks with fast food meal is a common practice in the country. The single most common factor which is used to measure standard of living is the per capita purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted gross domestic product (GDP). In 2003, the per capita PPP allocated GDP for India was US$ 3100. These statistics can be compared to $32,000 for the USA, $4,800 for China and roughly $26,000 for most western European countries. With one of the most rapidly growing economies in the world, clocked at an average growth rate of 7% between 2000-2003, India is swift on way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy. (Kapoor, p -4) The Indian middle class, touted to be anywhere between 100 and 300 million depending on the data used, is rapidly getting used to the Western consumer lifestyle. Despite massive inequalities, the standard of living of the average Indian is gradually but certainly rising and, if existing trends continue, will grow to be around one third that of the developed world (in PPP dollars) by the middle of the 21st century. The living standard in India can range in

Measuring Disease Frequency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Measuring Disease Frequency - Essay Example This means that if the birthing process is in order, there can be no odds or complications. c. On the last day of the school year, the number of freshman college students who are at least 15 pounds heavier than when they started the school year. The measurement process that must be used is the so-called cumulative incidence from the start.1 http://www.supercourse.cn/new_scc/ppt/ppt_checkformat.phple.. b. Shorter duration of health condition. Naturally, shorter duration decrease the risk rate prevalence since the number of cases which is usually included as part of the numerator is lesser. Resultantly, there will also be reduction in the prevalence rate. d. Loss of healthy people from the population for other reasons. In this case, the factor of loss of people due to other reasons cannot be a determinant. In short, it has no effect. For example, if we are to calculate the rate of mortality covering persons with tuberculoses and, after say a month, healthy members in the given population disappeared due to migration or travel, such incident or event has no bearing at all to the reckoning of the health risk rate. Works Cited Hami, Dr. Abdul Samad. Measure of Disease Frequency. United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3. Accessed July 1, 2009.

The Great Depression: Causes and Effects

The Great Depression: Causes and Effects It has been observed that the modern world has never experienced an economic crisis as severe as the `Great Depression. The term was first coined in the United States to describe the economic collapse that, by 1931, had shattered the US economy and Americans faith in the future. Europe and the rest of the world were also badly hit, and while they first called the crisis `a slump, in time the label `Great Depression was adopted on both sides of the Atlantic to describe this unprecedented global economic crisis.[1] The ramifications of the 1890’s depression were circumscribed by comparison with the Great Depression. In the 1930’s, national economies were sorely tested and shaken to their foundations. Economic and social statistics unequivocally attest to the chronic condition of national economies in industrialised nations during the period of 1929-1939. McGovern presents the figures, which characterise 1933 in the USA.[2] The most serious failure in terms of its human consequences was, of course, unemployment. According to official figures, this peaked in 1933 at 12.8 million or 25% of the workforce, figures that barely changed in 1934 after one year of the Roosevelt administration when 11.3 million were jobless, still nearly 22% of available workers. 11 Expert advisors to the government calculated even higher numbers for 1933, with monthly unemployment averaging 13.1 million. March 1933 was the nadir for the entire 1930s, with 15 million, nearly 30%, out of work. Since unemployed workers usually had families exclusively dependent on them, between 40 and 50 million Americans were without regular job income during the most severe period of the Depression. Another large number of workers with dependents, (larger even than the number unemployed), were forced to work with reduced income as part-time workers. Furthermore, the period of 1932-1933 is universally described as a dire state for nations and entities such as USA, Europe and Australia, indeed a period popularly referred to as the ‘nadir’ of the depression. Regardless of which barometers of economic strength are consulted, there is a prevailing sense of economic and social malaise, throughout the industrialised world, in these particular years. Powell notes[3] during the 1930s, the Great Depression was widely blamed on stock market speculation, reckless banking practices, and a concentration of wealth in too few hands. The New Deal laws were drafted accordingly. Subsequent investigations, however, have convinced most economists that the Depression had little to do with any of those things. The most influential single work is A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, published in 1963 by Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, which documented the catastrophic one-third contraction of the money supply between 1929 and 1933. Princeton University economist Paul Krugman remarks that, Nowadays, practically the whole spectrum of economists, from Milton Friedman leftward, agrees that the Great Depression was brought on by a collapse of effective demand, and that the Federal Reserve should have fought the slump with large injections of money. Smiley contends that adopting the gold standard was a primary cause for the depression, inducing differential inflation rates among the Allies, which in turn doomed those economies to the self-inflicted injuries of deflation. Fear of inflation at the Fed plus the failure to protect the financial sector did considerable damage. Clavin explains the USA’s role in bringing Europe to the brink, in the early 1930’s.[4] Europe as a whole received some $7.8 billion between 1924 and 1930. But when these American loans dried up, as they did dramatically after 1929, Clavin asserts that problems in European economy resurfaced with a vengeance. Within the USA, up to 1933, according to Reed, [5] production at the nation’s factories, mines, and utilities fell by more than half. People’s real disposable incomes dropped 28 percent. Stock prices collapsed to one-tenth of their pre-crash height. The number of unemployed Americans rose from 1.6 million in 1929 to 12.8 million in 1933. One of every four workers was out of a job at the Depression’s nadir, and ugly rumours of  revolt simmered for the first time since the Civil War. The critical question involves being definitive about the attributable causes of the severe economic pervasive conditions and their consequent social ramifications globally. It is problematic to determine causality and which antecedents have the dubious credit of creating the severity of 1932-1933. A range of social and economic factors is cited selectively by proponents of polarised political positions. Particular economic paradigms are entertained, so that the mistakes of the Great Depression, as the theorist interprets them; may be used as a precedent to lend intellectual support to a particular approach to economic theory, providing ‘a correct approach’ to present day and future economic challenges. In simple terms, two broad approaches to economic function, include classical economics, which examines macroeconomic effects of money supply and the supply of gold which backed many currencies before the Great Depression, including production and consumption. Conversely, structural theories, including those of institutional economics, point to under consumption and over investment (economic bubble), malfeasance by bankers and industrialists or incompetence by government officials.[6] These two broad interpretive frameworks, within which the Great Depression is understood, have stifled insight into the genuine causes of the depression as a whole as well as the reasons underpinning the severity of 1932-1933 in particular. Entrenched and formulaic economic explanations, are often little more than efforts to politicise the depression, in order to reinforce the mantra of left or right wing political philosophies. This practice can be well illustrated, through the writings of economists such as Paul Ormerod, chairman of an organisation known as Post-Orthodox Economics. Ormerod contends, that, â€Å" the left tends to see the current crisis as a failure of markets. Whether the call is for more or, in Third Way style, better regulation, the argument is the same: the unrestricted workings of markets are causing problems, so governments must step in to show that they can run them better. But all this misses the most important point. The Great Depression of the 1930s was not primarily a failure of markets but a failure of government. The Federal Reserve slashed the money supply at a time when it should have expanded it. This is the lesson to be learnt. Forget fears of inflation. Expand the money supply to cut off the risk of a second great recession. [7] Ormerod’s position finds support from the Mackinac Centre for Public Policy: Myths of the Great Depression, by free market economist and historian Lawrence W. Reed. Reed states in a nonchalant manner that the mythical explanation of the depression is, â€Å"An important pillar of capitalism, the stock market, crashed and dragged America into depression. President Herbert Hoover, an advocate of â€Å"hands-off,† or laissez-faire, economic policy, refused to use the power of government to intervene in the economy and conditions worsened as a result. It was up to Hoover’s successor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to ride in on the white horse of government intervention and steer the nation toward recovery.[8] Unabashed, Reed continues to emphatically advocate governmental responsibility for the onset or deterioration of the Great Depression within USA, and one could safely assume, Reed would apply his free marketeering philosophy, to equally account for the severity of the depression in other democratic nations in the 1930’s. Reed asserts [9] in â€Å"1929, the wild manipulation of the currency by the Federal Reserve shows that government, far from a disinterested bystander, was the principal culprit of the stock market crash.† Furthermore, he attributes blame to politically strategic blunders throughout the 1920’s within the USA. â€Å"The genesis of the Great Depression lay in the inflationary monetary policies of the U. S. government in the 1920s. It was prolonged and exacerbated by a litany of political missteps: trade-crushing tariffs, incentive-sapping taxes, mind-numbing controls on production and competition, senseless destruction of crops and cattle, and coe rcive labour laws, to recount just a few. It was not the free market which produced 12 years of agony; rather, it was political bungling on a scale as grand as there ever was.[10] Within the United Kingdom, renowned writer George Orwell provides a poignant anecdote in his 1936 book ‘Road to Wigan Pier’, indicating the severity of the Great Depression for unemployed men and women in northern England. : Several hundred men risk their lives and several hundred women scrabble in the mud for hours searching eagerly for tiny chips of coal in slagheaps so they could heat their homes. For them, this arduously-gained free coal was more important almost than food.[11] Indeed, according to Rothermund, in Britain, there existed a â€Å"conflict of interests among three major groups: the City of London as the centre of world finance, British industry, and labour. The City had reached its aim of returning to the gold standard which enabled it to transact international business along the lines of prewar times. The return to the gold standard at the prewar parity in 1925 had been a mistake, as it forced the City to adopt a deflationary course so as to support the overvalued pound. This affected British industry both with regard to its export position and its access to credit.[12] Rothermund again contends, â€Å"While the deflationary policy of the Bank of England had already made matters worse, when the bank had to raise its discount rate at a time of intense American speculation, the tension increased.† According to Clavin,[13] between 1924 and 1929 over 40 countries returned to gold or joined the system for the first time. This was done in the belief it would stabilise product price and promote international trade. Nonetheless, by the early 1930’s many countries began to abandon the gold standard Rothermund notes, â€Å"Keynes had written to Macdonald in August 1931, advising him that the game was up and that Great Britain should abandon the gold standard and head a new sterling bloc.†[14] The severity of the Great Depression, can also have regard to the societal regression it promoted.[15] Export and credit failure, meant nations adopted protectionist mindsets, helping to spawn totalitarian regimes in Europe from the mid 1930’s. Claven contends that loss of US credit, determined that countries had to raise interest rates, thus making it more difficult for businesses and farms to borrow money at precisely the time they needed to do so to combat depression. Governments, too, began to feel the squeeze as their levels of revenue from taxes fell dramatically just when they needed to spend more money on unemployment benefit and public work schemes to mop up unemployment and to kick-start recovery. Across Europe, parliaments like Britain and Germany in the summer of 1931 became deadlocked over the issue of government spending. As confidence dropped, governments, companies and individuals cut back on spending. Demand for industrial and agricultural products dried up, and this caused prices to fall still further. By the end of 1930 the price of wheat sold on the Liverpool exchange had fallen by 50 per cent and the price of meat by 40 per cent. Desperate to protect their own markets from the threat of cheap foreign imports being dumped on them, levels of trade protection began to rise dramatically. By 1932 France had introduced strict quotas on over 3,000 different products entering France, and German tariffs rose by 50 per cent after 1929. Most startling was Britains retreat into protection in the autumn of 1931, ending a commitment to the ethos of Free Trade that had lasted 85 years. The world was now divided into competing economic blocs. Countries which depended heavily on the export of agricultural produce were especially hard hit because agricultural prices fell more dramatically than those of industrial goods. A Polish farmer who paid 100 kg of rye to buy a new plough in 1928, now found that the same plough cost 270 kg. By the summer of 1931, the European economy began to crack under the strain of the continued fall in prices, the lack of demand and spiralling levels of unemployment. Economic, political and financial pressures combined to produce a financial crisis that swept across Europe like a flash flood. In countries, like Austria and Germany, where the banks had a particularly close relationship with industry, the collapse of private companies forced banks, too, to shut up shop. With some of Europes most prestigious banking houses facing ruin, the German and Austrian governments were forced to become directly involved in managing the financial system. They also introduced exchange controls to stop the further export of gold or foreign currency from German or Austrian banks to banks in Switzerland or Britain. McGovern contends that the great fear among consumers, induced by the failure of the stock market and over 5,000 commercial banks between 1929 and 1932, prompted cutbacks in their spending. This, in turn, led to contractions in capital goods industries (especially steel and their suppliers), in construction, mining, and transportation—hence, to broad layouts of workers. The downward curve then accelerated, with unemployment leading to further cutbacks in consumption and consequently also production. [16] Finally, it is worth pointing out that since the effects of the depression were challenging within some parts of Britain and devastating in others, it is clear that its impact was not uniform, but reactive to particular social, political and economic circumstances. Areas heavily dependent upon the shipping industry, such as Newcastle –Upon- Tyne, were decimated by the events. The later Jarrow Street March in 1936, saw the frustration spill over into public, unified action, on behalf of ship workers and miners, who marched from the North- East of England to Parliament to lobby for change. Bibliography Books Rothermund, D. The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939, London, Routledge, 1996. Claven, P. The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000 McGovern, J. And a Time for Hope: Americans in the Great Depression, Praeger, 2000 Orwell, G. Road to Wigan Pier, Left Book Club, London, 1937, Smiley, G. Rethinking the Great Depression: A New View of its Causes and Consequences, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002 Articles Ormerod, P New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998 J. Powell, Did the New Deal Actually Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 2002 Websites http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf Mackinac Center for Public Policy: Myths of the Great Depression. 2000 accessed 23 March 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom accessed 23 March 2007 1 Footnotes [1] P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [2] Ibid p.4 [3] J. Powell, Did the New Deal Actually Prolong the Great Depression? The American Enterprise, Vol. 13, March 2002 [4] P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 31 [5] L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf, Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 2000 [6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom [7] P. Ormerod; New Statesman, Vol. 127, October 9, 1998, p.1 [8] L.W. Reed. Myths of the Great Depression, at http://eldoradogold.net/pdf/October%202005/GreatDepression.pdf, Mackinac Centre for Public Policy, 2000 [9] Ibid p.6 [10] Ibid p 16 [11] G. Orwell, Road to Wigan Pier, 1937, Left Book Club [13] P. Claven, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [15] P Claven The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 in History Review, History Today Ltd 2000, p. 30 [16] J. McGovern, And a Time for Hope: Americans in the Great Depression , Praeger, 2000

What is religion

What is religion? There are many definitions for the term â€Å"religion† in common usage. On this web site, we define it very broadly, in order to include the greatest number of belief systems: â€Å"Religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, and a philosophy of life. † Thus we include here all of the great monotheistic religions, Eastern religions; Neopagan religions; a wide range of other faith groups, spiritual paths, and ethical systems; and beliefs about the existence of God(s) and Goddess(es). We recognize that most people define â€Å"religion† in a much more exclusive manner. Christianity: There are many definitions for this term as well. Again, we use an inclusive definition: â€Å"An individual or group is Christian if they sincerely, thoughtfully and devoutly believe that they are Christian. † This generates a lot of angry Emails from some visitors to this site who are insistent on excluding the Jehovah's Witnesses, Roman Catholic Church, the Mormons and some other denominations as sub-Christian, quasi-Christian non-Christian, or anti-Christian. We treat Christianity in greater detail than other religions, simply because about 75% of North Americans identify themselves with that religion. Christians outnumber the next largest organized religions, Judaism and Islam, by about 40 to 1 in the U. S. and Canada. We are not in any way implying that Christianity is superior or inferior to other religions. It is simply much more popular. Destructive, doomsday cults: These are fortunately few in number, and are listed elsewhere. Information for these essays was extracted from reliable sources, and believed to be accurate and reasonably unbiased. Where possible, they have been reviewed by a group (typically 3 or more) of persons who follow the belief before the material is placed online. â€Å"World† Religions: There are many, long established, major world religions, each with over three million followers. We have shown the five largest North American religions in bold: Baha'i Faith Buddhism Christianity; Christian groups, denominations and families (Amish to The Way) Confucianism Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Sikhism Taoism Vodun (Voodoo) 1 Neopagan Religious Faiths Neopagan faiths are modern-day reconstructions of ancient Pagan religions from various countries and eras. They experience a high but diminishing level of discrimination and persecution in North America. They were once rarely practiced in public for reasons of safety. This is rapidly changing for the better. Asatru (Norse Paganism) * Druidism Goddess Worship Wicca Witchcraft Notes: Many followers of Asatru regard themselves as â€Å"Heathens† rather than â€Å"Neopagans. † Many followers of these religions refer to themselves as â€Å"Pagans. † We use the term â€Å"Neopagan† because it is less ambiguous. Pagan† has a variety of unrelated meanings. Other organized Religions These are smaller religions, with a well defined belief in deity, humanity and the rest of the universe. Of the many hundreds of faith groups in the world, we have chosen these because of their historical significance, or because of the massive amount of misinformation that has be en spread about them in North America: Caodaism Damanhur Community Druze Eckankar Elian Gonzalez religious movement Gnosticism Gypsies Hare Krishna – ISKCON Ifa, the religion of the Yoruba people of West Africa Lukumi Macumba Mowahhidoon Native American Spirituality Rom, Roma, Romani, Rroma, (a. k. a. Gypsies) Santeria Elian Gonzalez religious movement Satanism; The Church of Satan Scientology Unitarian-Universalism The Creativity Movement (formerly called World Church of the Creator) The Yazidi branch of Yazd? ism Zoroastrianism what is RELIGION? The English word â€Å"religion† is derived from the Middle English â€Å"religioun† which came from the Old French â€Å"religion. † It may have been originally derived from the Latin word â€Å"religo† which means â€Å"good faith,† â€Å"ritual,† and other similar meanings. Or it may have come from the Latin â€Å"relig? e† which means â€Å"to tie fast. † Defining the word â€Å"religion† is fraught with difficulty. Many attempts have been made. Most seem to focus on too narrowly only a few aspects of religion; they tend to exclude those religions that do not fit well. It is apparent that religion can be seen as a theological, philosophical, anthropological, sociological, and psychological phenomenon of human kind. To limit religion to only one of these categories is to miss its multifaceted nature and lose out on the complete definition. † All of the definitions that we have encountered contain at least one deficiency some exclude beliefs and practices that many people passionately defend as religious. For example, their definition might include belief in a God or Goddess or combination of Gods and Goddesses who are responsible for the creation of the universe and for its continuing operation. This excludes such non-theistic religions as Buddhism and many forms of religious Satanism which have no such belief. Some definitions equate â€Å"religion† with â€Å"Christianity,† and thus define two out of every three humans in the world as non-religious. Some definitions are so broadly written that they include beliefs and areas of study that most people do not regard as religious. Some define â€Å"religion† in terms of â€Å"the sacred† and/or â€Å"the spiritual,† and thus require the creation of two more definitions. Sometimes, definitions of â€Å"religion† contain more than one deficiency. However, this definition contains an element of controversy, because it implies that religions, and thus perhaps deity/deities, are created by humanity and not the reverse. A less contentious meaning might be the sum total of answers to the problem of our relationship with the universe, we call religion. â€Å"Religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and a worldview. † A worldview is a set of basic, foundational beliefs concerning deity, humanity and the rest of the universe. Thus we would consider Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Na tive American Spirituality, Wicca, and other Neopagan traditions to be religions. We also include Agnosticism, Atheism, Humanism, Ethical Culture etc. as religions, because they also contain a â€Å"belief about deity. Their belief is that they do not know whether a deity exists, or they have no knowledge of God, or they sincerely believe that God does not exist. Some people do not consider their personal spiritual path to be a religion. Many conservative Christians refer to Christianity not as a religion but as an intensely personal relationship with Jesus Christ. Many Native Americans believe that their spiritual beliefs and practices are not a religion in the normal sense of the term. They form a integral and seamless part of their very being, totally integrated into their life experience. Agnostics and Atheists often do not regard their beliefs to be a religion. To most, Atheism and Agnosticism simply represent a single belief about the existence or non-existence of a supreme being. They do not necessarily include ethical matters. The New Age is sometimes referred to as a religion. However, it is in reality a collection of diverse beliefs and practices from which a practitioner may select those that appeal to her/him. The individual often grafts these beliefs and practices onto an established religion. â€Å"True religion is not about possessing the truth. No religion does that. It is rather an invitation into a journey that leads one toward the mystery of God. Idolatry is religion pretending that it has all the answers. † â€Å"†¦ just because you don't bow on your knees and worship an idol or an invisible being, does not mean you are not a Satan worshiper. The worship of any other god (s) is the same thing. There are no other gods. They are demons and Satan is in control of them. â€Å"Yes, Christianity is the one true religion. That may sound awfully dogmatic and narrow-minded, but the simple truth is that Christianity is the only true religion. Jesus said that He alone was the way to the Father (John 14:6), that He alone revealed the Father (Matt. 11:27; Luke 10:22). Christians do not go around saying Christianity is the only way because they are arrogant, narrow-minded, stupid, and judgmental. They do so because they believe what Jesus said. How many religions are there in the world from which to locate the â€Å"true† one? According to David Barrett and team, there are 19 major world religious groupings in the world which are subdivided into a total of about 10,000 distinct religions. Of the latter, there were 270 religions and para-religions which had over a half million adherents in the year 2000 CE. Within Christianity, they have identified 34,000 separate groups (denominations, sects, individual unaffiliated churches, para-church groups, etc) in the world. â€Å"Over half of them are independent churches that are not interested in linking with the big denominations. † 1 Even considering a single religion, Christianity, within a single country, there are often thousands of individual â€Å"Christian confessions and denominations. 4,684 groups in the U. S. ,364 in South Africa. 2,079 in Nigeria. 1,581 in Brazil. 1,327 in South-central Asia. Among other English-speaking countries, there are: 828 groups in the UK. 469 in Canada. 267 in Australia 175 in New Zealand. 2 Differences in the beliefs and practices of various faith groups: Probably the one area where religions differ the most is over the nature of deity. Various groups teach Agnosticism, Animism, Atheism, Strong Atheism, Deism, Duotheism, Henotheism, Monism, Monotheism, Panentheism, Pantheism, Polytheism, the Trinity, and probably some others that we have missed. Perhaps the next greatest range of beliefs are about the fate of people after death: whether there is simple annihilation, some form of energy-less existence as taught by the ancient Hebrews, Purgatory as taught by the Roman Catholic Church, Heaven or Paradise as taught by many religions, Hell which is also taught by many faiths, Limbo, reincarnation, transmigration of the soul, nirvana, an alternative world much like Earth, and probably some other places or states that we have missed. There is also a great range of beliefs and practices among different religions over other theological beliefs, ritual, organization, family structure, personal sexual behavior, and other topics. For example, differences exist on matters such as: abortion access, adult celibacy, animal sacrifices. ppearance factors (shaving, jewelry), birth control usage, calendar, clergy celibacy, clergy gender, clergy organization, meeting day, documentation, family power sharing, family types, gender of deities, homosexual rights, meeting place, nature of deities, nature of humanity, new year date, number of deities, origin of the universe, prayer, pre-marital sex, role of women, sacred texts, suicide, surgical modifications to the body, special clothing, symbols, etc. More details To our knowledge, no two religions teach the same message or expect the same practices from their followers. One would be hard pressed to find two faith groups within the same religion which have identical teachings and practices. If a â€Å"true religion† exists, then it would probably have to be one or a few faith groups within one of the 10,000 religions. All of the other religions and faith groups would be in error. What do faith groups teach about their own status? Most religious groups teach that their own beliefs and practices are the only true set, and that all other faith groups contain some degree of error. For example, the largest single faith group in the U. S. in Canada, and in the world is the Roman Catholic Church. According to the Times News Service, a year 2000 statement by the Church titled â€Å"Dominus Iesus† implies that â€Å"Churches such as the Church of England, where the apostolic succession of bishops from the time of St. Peter is disputed by Rome, and churches without bishops, are not considered ‘proper' churches. † Only the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches are â€Å"churches in the proper sense. † They suffer from â€Å"defects. † Dominus Iesus further states that religions other than Christianity are considered to be â€Å"gravely deficient. Their rituals can constitute â€Å"an obstacle to salvation† for their followers. 3,4 Other faith groups are either more inclusive or more exclusive than the Roman Catholic Church regarding the â€Å"truth† status of other faith groups. Which, then, is the true religion? Because religions are so different, only one could be the â€Å"true religion. † Perhaps none are. Within the â€Å"true religion† there may be more than one faith group that are sufficiently accurate in their beliefs and practices that all could qualify as â€Å"true. † The problem is how to find out which religion and which faith groups have this status. Some methods of determining the â€Å"true† religion are conduct an opinion poll. Unfortunately, beliefs differ around the world: In Saudi Arabia, the government claims that 100% of the population is Muslim. So there is probably a very high probability that a given citizen picked at random would firmly believe Islam is the true religion and that theirs is the true faith group. India is about 80% Hindu. There is a very high probability that any given citizen believes that their tradition with Hinduism is the true religion. The U. S. is about 75% Christian. The population in the American â€Å"Bible belt† is significantly higher than that. There is a very high probability that any given citizen in South Carolina, for example, believes that their denomination within Christianity is the true religion. It is obvious that one's personal beliefs about the true religion is largely a function of the country in which one happens to have been born, the area of that country, and the beliefs of one's parent(s): Pray to God 5 and ask to be enlightened. The founder of the Mormon movement, Joseph Smith, did precisely this. Mormons believe that God and Jesus Christ appeared to him side by side, and told him that none of the then existing Christian denominations were the true religion. He was instructed to create a new denomination to restore Christianity to its first century CE purity before it fell into heresy. This method appears to be unreliable. When people pray to God for enlightenment, most seem to conclude that their own religion and faith group is the true one. If people could access the will of God on this matter, then a vast majority of the world's population — the folks who pray — would realize that their faith group was not the true one. They would gradually migrate to the true religion. There would eventually be only one religion and one tradition within that religion left standing. Otherwise, people would be rejecting the will of God. All the other 11,000 religions and their tens of thousands of denominations or traditions would be phased out. The OCRT, the group that sponsors this web site, conducted a pilot study to determine whether a person can assess the will of God through prayer. We used a controversial topic: whether God favors same-sex marriage for homosexuals and some bisexuals. The answer that we found was that people appear to be unable to assess the will of God through prayer. Communication from God: God could initiate a direct communication to humanity. In order to be convincing, it would have to be totally unambiguous, clear and convincing. One example might be for God to rearrange a few thousand stars to spell out in the evening sky the name of the true religion. Unfortunately, at least within the Judeo-Christian traditions, God seems to be progressively withdrawing from humanity. He walked in person with Adam and Eve. Later, he only appeared in rare occasions as at Mount Sinai. Still later, he communicated with humans only through prophets. Most Christians believe that Jesus Christ is God and walked among humans in first century CE Palestine. However, he was seen by only a miniscule percentage of the human race. Now, access to God is through prayer. Unless God were to take the initiative, it appears that there is no way for humans to determine which religion is â€Å"true. â€Å"

Bottling Company

BOTTLING COMPANY History of coca cola bottles: CocaCola’s history has got a lot of bottle – more than 115 years’ worth, in fact. The world’s favourite soft drink started life as a soda fountain beverage, selling for five cents a glass, but it was only when a strong bottling system developed that CocaCola became the world-famous brand it is today. 1894 – A modest start for a bold idea Mississippi shop owner Joseph A. Biedenharn began bottling CocaCola after he was impressed by its sales.He sold the drink to his customers in a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson. At the time Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that CocaCola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. 1916 – Birth of the contour bottle Bottlers worried that a straight-sided bottle wasn’t distinctive enough and that CocaCola was becoming easily confused with ‘copycat’ brands. Glass manufacturers were approached to come up with a unique bottle design for CocaCola.The Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana, designed with the famous contour shape, which won enthusiastic approval from CocaCola in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. * The contour bottle design was inspired by the curves and grooves of a cocoa bean. * Today, it's one of the most recognised icons in the world – even in the dark. * Blues players have been known to use necks from CocaCola's contour bottles to play slide guitar, coining the term ‘bottleneck slide'. 1923 – Six packs Six pack carriers of CocaCola bottles were introduced to encourage people to take their drinks home – and were a huge hit. 928 – Bottle overtakes fountain For the first time, the volume of CocaCola sold in bottles exceeded the amount sold through soda fountains. 1950 – Media moments The CocaCola contour bottle was the first commercial product to appear on the cover of TIME magazine, establishing CocaCola as a truly international brand. Also this year, the first television advert featuring CocaCola's contour bottle appeared during CBS' The Edgar Bergen-Charlie McCarthy Show. 1955 – Packaging innovations For the first time, people could buy different sized bottles of CocaCola. As well as the traditional 6. ounce contour bottle, shops also started selling larger 10, 12 and 26 ounce versions. 1960 – Trademark no. 1 The contour bottle with the word ‘CocaCola’ written on it received its first trademark from the US Patent and Trademark Office. 1977 – Trademark no. 2 The CocaCola contour bottle was granted a second trademark for the contour shape itself, with no words written on it. 1978 – Recyclable bottles CocaCola introduced the world to the two litre PET plastic bottle. It became popular for a lot of reasons: it doesn’t break; it’s re-sealable, lightweight and recyclable . 2000 – Reducing wasteCocaCola introduced the ultra-glass contour bottle designed for improved impact resistance, reduced weight and cost. These bottles are 40 per cent stronger and 20 per cent lighter than the original CocaCola contour bottle – saving approximately 52,000 metric tons of glass in 2006. 2005 – Aluminium bottles CocaCola joined forces with design firms from five continents to launch a new aluminium contour bottle called the ‘M5’ (Magnificent 5). 2009 – Green bottles CocaCola launched the innovative  PlantBottle  in the US, a completely recyclable PET container made with 30 per cent plant materials, including sugar cane extracts. 011 – Going green globally PlantBottle packaging is available in nine countries with launches planned for many additional markets in 2011 and beyond. MISSION PET In this context, what was the appropriate response by CCBPI? The environmental predicament was clear-cut and the decisions and dir ections were defining moments of the company management’s assessment of the situation. It was amidst this situation, the program Mission PET was born in the last quarter of Year 2000. PET stands for Pinoy Environment Team to underscore the indigenous Filipino endeavor. Its objectives are: . To promote recognition of CCBPI’s one-way containers as recyclables and to encourage collection and recovery of these post consumer beverage containers; 2. To encourage among strategic stakeholders the environmental responsibility through education and information dissemination; 3. To marshal the youth to undertake collection and recovery of the one-way PET containers and to guide them in linking up with environmentally minded organizations; 4. To mirror management’s active response to a critical social problem. Mission PET target audience is a wide spectrum of stakeholders.People of all ages and walks of life consume Coca-Cola products; obviously, they are also garbage gener ators. Recycling of PET Containers There is now a PET Recycling Technology present in Metro Manila area. Forever Fiber Corporation in Pulang Lupa, Valenzuela City, has registered with the Board of Investments and obtained Income Tax Holiday for six years from April 2002 for the annual production of 1,583,733 kilograms of polyester staple fiber, necessary for the production of yarn for industrial garments and fibers. In Year 1, Forever Fiber will use 1,456 tons of used PET bottles, and by Year 5, it would be needing 2,043 tons of used PET.Multipet Corporation in Malinta, Valenzuela City produces strapping materials, commonly called â€Å"plehe†, from recycled PET wastes. Such materials are used locally and abroad for strapping boxes or cargoes, such as for mangoes, suha or durian. Out of its annual output of 460 tons per year, Multipet channels approximately 5% of its output to low-income communities in Malabon and Navotas where enterprising families weave market baskets (bayo ng), knapsacks and folding beds, for livelihood. A thriving market exists for 15 large consolidators known as Metro Recycling Association who xport every month about 400 tons of PET flakes as feedstock for the enormous non-woven fiber factories in China and Korea to produce polyester. Polyester is a part of such â€Å"sosyal† items as Patagonia bags, Nike shoes, skiers’ windbreakers, jackets, carpets and comforters. Think about this for a moment: If your outerwear or innerwear trademark says: â€Å"Polyester, or Polyester with cotton, or Polyester with rayon† -in all possibility, you are wearing recycled Coca-Cola PET bottles! Recycling of Aluminum Cans Reynolds Recycling Corporation’s two (2) furnaces in Dasmarinas, Cavite, are, for the moment, silent, shutdown.But further West in Barangay Osorio, in Trece Martires City, there is Cavite Aluminum Recycling Corp. producing aluminum ingots for the Philippine market and the aluminum alloy requirements of ind ustries in Japan. In addition, there are dozens of registered – – and unregistered – – converters producing aluminum sheets for cooking woks and claddings – – mostly from recycled aluminum beverage containers. Today, Metro Manila Linis Ganda’s members and other junk shops – – there are at least 1,200 registered in Metro Manila – – earn handsomely from the collection of PET and UBCs. So do their eco-aides.Just look at the tons of collected by the Linis Ganda coops in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. Unseen by the public eye are the big warehouses compacting UBCs into 20-kilo blocks for export via container ship to Japan, China, Malaysia, and U. S. Aluminum, by the way, is perpetually recyclable! And aluminum scrap price is a reference for trading at the London Metal Exchange. Look at the growth of aluminum scrap exports: Collection by Mission PET Recovery Centers For the past 21 months, the Centers have redeem ed 4,200,000 (million) and 3,000,000 (million) pieces of aluminum and PET containers, respectively.That’s what we have directly scooped out of the waste stream. In 2001, Philippines exported 23,053 tons of aluminum scrap with a value of US$416,145,305. For PET, the country recovered about 5,040 metric tons in 2001 from the 24,000 metric tons that we generated in the form of resin, pre-form and bottle container. That is a recovery rate of 21 percent! PET or polyethylene terephthalate is the familiar soft plastic popularly used in myriad consumer and household products because of its lightweight, clarity and shatter-resistance.It is a polymer, a kind of plastic. Among the seven classifications of plastic, PET is coded â€Å"1† in the international recycling logo. (See Appendix C. ) The marking, made by the U. S. Society of Plastic Industry, is found at the bottom of the container to facilitate its segregation and recycling. The Seven Types of Plastics commonly used in th e Philippines 1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Common uses: soft drink bottles, cooking oil bottles, peanut butter jugs, water bottles 2. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)Common uses: detergent bottles, milk jugs, grocery bags 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Common uses: plastic pipes, outdoor furniture 4. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Common uses: produce bags, food storage containers 5. Polypropylene (PP) Common uses: aerosol caps, drinking straws 6. Polystyrene (PS) Common uses: packaging pellets, cups, meat trays 7. Others Common uses: certain kind of food containers Report in N. S. E: Bottling Company REpOrTeRs: Cacayorin, Sarah Jane Mabini, Sherwin John Submitted to: Ms. Mercedes Mascarina

How to Email Professors at Prospective Grad Schools

How to Email Professors at Prospective Grad Schools As an applicant to graduate school you have probably wondered more than once exactly what professors look for when they select students. Wouldn’t it be easier if you could just ask them? Before you go any further, let me warn you that emails can backfire. Many applicants email professors at graduate programs they wish to attend and receive terse replies, or perhaps most commonly, no replies. For example, consider this question from a reader: I am trying to figure out a topic that would be most suitable for me. I have reached out to many professors with little luck. Occasionally, they will share articles, but rarely will I get a response to a question. My questions range from graduate opportunities to specifics about their work.   This reader’s experience is not unusual.   So what gives? Are graduate professors simply rude? Perhaps, but also consider the following contributors to the poor responses from faculty. Figuring out What You Want to Study Is Your Job First and foremost, it seems that this reader needs to do more work before contacting prospective mentors. As an applicant, realize that choosing a field of study is your task and one that you should do before emailing professors at graduate programs. To do so, read widely. Consider the classes youve taken and what subfields interest you. This is the most important part: Talk with faculty at your university.   Approach your professors for help. They should be your first line of advice in this regard. Ask Informed Questions, Not Ones Whose Answers Are Readily Available Before you email a professor for advice,   be sure that you have done your homework. Dont ask questions about information that you can learn from a basic internet or database search. For example, information about a professors research and copies of articles are easily available online. Likewise, dont ask questions about the graduate program unless you have carefully reviewed all of the information on both the departments website and the professor’s website. Professors might view answering such questions a waste of time. Moreover, asking questions about information that is readily available might signal naivetà © or, worse, laziness. This is not to say that you should never contact professors at prospective programs. Before you email a professor make sure that it is for the right reasons. Ask informed questions that show that you are familiar with his or her work and the program and simply seek clarification on a few specific topics.  Ã‚   Three basic guidelines for emailing professors at prospective graduate programs: Do not inundate the professor with questions. Ask only one or two specific questions and you will be much more likely to get a reply than if you ask a series of questions.Be specific.   Don’t ask questions that will require more than a sentence or two in response.   In-depth questions about their research usually fall in this area. Remember that professors may be pressed for time. An email that looks like it will take more than a minute or two to answer may be ignored.Don’t ask questions that are outside of a professor’s purview. General questions about financial aid, how applicants are selected by the program, and housing, for example,   fall into this area. What should you ask prospective graduate mentors?Probably the question that you are most interested in is whether the professor is accepting students. That simple, direct, question is most likely to yield a response. How Do You Ask a Professor Whether He or She Is Taking Students? In a simple email,  explain that you are very interested in the professor’s research on X and, here’s the important part, would like to know whether he or she is accepting students.   Keep the email brief, just a couple of sentences. A short, concise email will likely yield a response, even if it is a â€Å"No, I am not accepting students.† What Next? Thank the professor for his or her response, regardless. If the faculty member is accepting students then work on tailoring your application to his or her lab. Should you start a dialogue? You can’t predict how a professor will respond to multiple emails. Some might welcome them, but it is better playing it safe and avoid emailing the professor again unless you have specific questions about his or her research. Faculty doesnt want to mentor students who require hand-holding, and you want to avoid being perceived as needy. Should you decide to ask a specific question about his or her research, remember that brevity is key in receiving a response.

Using Captions in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Using Captions in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Using Captions in Microsoft Word The â€Å"Caption† options in Microsoft Word allow you to label images, diagrams, charts, illustrations and figures so your reader can quickly identify what they mean, as well as enabling use of the â€Å"dynamic† list functions offered by Microsoft Word. As such, using captions can help make sure your written work is clear, professionally presented and easy to follow. None of this is much good unless you know how to use captions, though, so strap in and we’ll run you through the basics. Adding Captions Adding a basic caption to an existing image/chart in your document is pleasingly straightforward: Right click on your image and select â€Å"Insert Caption†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from the menu In the pop-up window, choose how you want to label the image (e.g., Figure, Table, etc.) and whether you want it to appear above or below the image Add text that describes the image (e.g., â€Å"Figure 1: Experimental Apparatus†) and click â€Å"OK† This will make a caption appear in the chosen position. If you want to add a caption to something in the document other than an embedded image, position the cursor where you want to caption to appear and either: Go to the â€Å"References† tab and select â€Å"Insert Caption,† then follow the instructions above, or: Select the â€Å"Caption† option from the Styles menu and type; this creates captions without a â€Å"Label,† giving you more control over how they’re presented Setting Caption Style Microsoft Word comes with a default â€Å"Caption† style, but you can modify this through the â€Å"Styles† menu. If you want to set your own caption style, simply: Click on the arrow in the bottom right of the â€Å"Styles† menu on the â€Å"Home† tab to open the â€Å"Styles† sidebar Right click on â€Å"Caption† and select â€Å"Modify†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to open a new window In the pop up window, select the font/formatting options you require for your captions If you want to use different caption styles for different captions or in different parts of your document, you can do this by: Clicking on the â€Å"New Style† button on the â€Å"Styles† sidebar Selecting â€Å"Caption† under the â€Å"Style Based On† option Choosing a name for your new style (e.g., â€Å"Caption 2†) and selecting the font/formatting options required Using Captions As well as labeling your charts and images, using the â€Å"Caption† options in Microsoft Word means you can add a dynamic list of charts/figures to your document. This is quicker than creating a list manually, and you can update dynamic lists at the touch of a button, thereby ensuring they remain accurate even if you amend captions later on. To use this function: Position the cursor where you want the list to appear Go to the â€Å"References† tab and select â€Å"Insert Table of Figures† Choose the caption label type (e.g., Figure, Table, None) Click â€Å"OK† If you’re using more than one caption style, you can even create separate lists for different label types.

Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Blog - Essay Example In the interim, I discover the expression "Slave" being hash to use in this case thus since, the term is utilized to allude to individuals instead of mechanical and gadgets since a robot is true sense is a machine equipped for doing a complex arrangement of movements consequently. When taking into account the aspect of slavery, we find that being a complex machine devide, it is manufactured and unveiled accordingly in respect to standardization on how much work the machine can handle. Keep in mind that a machine is anything that makes work easier and so Robots are independent machine that has been customized to do something and henceforth the issue of having rights is invalid. Moreover, a robot being a machine gadget is controlled by people, which implies without the presence of individuals, a robot cannot execute any work at all. More so, I don’t feel absolutely quilt while using a robot machine since I know total workload depends on what commands I have initiated towards the machine. I can decide and initiate few commands, more or none and the output produced by this robot is dependent to my

The Living Theatre- Julian Beck and Judith Malina Term Paper

The Living Theatre- Julian Beck and Judith Malina - Term Paper Example Malina, unlike Piscator, was committed to nonviolence and anarchism. Malina met her husband, Beck, in 1943 when he was a student at Yale University. Beck, a painter, came to share her interest in political theatre and in 1947 the couple founded The Living Theatre. Malina appeared occasionally in films, beginning in 1975. In 2008 she was honored with an annual Artistic Achievement Award from the New York Innovative Theatre Awards (Ruth et al, 15-17). In 2009, she was honored with the Edwin Booth Award from the Doctoral Theatre Students Association of the City University of New York. Other awards include an honorary doctorate from Lehman College among others. Julian Beck, an American actor, director, poet and painter, was born in New York City in 1925 and died in 1985. He briefly attended Yale University, but dropped out to pursue writing and art (Ruth et al, 41-42). He was an Abstract Expressionist painter in the 1940s, but his career turned upon meeting his future wife. He met her in 1943 and quickly came to share her passion for theatre; they founded The Living Theatre in 1947. Beck’s philosophy of theatre carried over into his life. He once said, â€Å"We insisted on experimentation that was an image for a changing society. If one can experiment in theatre, one can experiment in life.† He was indicted a dozen times on three continents for charges such as disorderly conduct, indecent exposure, possession of narcotics, and failing to participate in a civil defense drill (Takis 44). Besides his theatre work, Beck published several volumes of poetry reflecting his anarchist beliefs, two nonfiction books and had several film appearances. He was diagnosed with cancer in 1983 and died two years later. The Living Theatre has staged nearly a hundred productions performed in eight languages in 28 countries on five continents. This is a unique body of work that has influenced theatre all over the